Antithesis, Irony, Paradox · 对照、反讽、悖论⟦number⟧
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Antithesis/ænˈtɪθəsɪs/ | 对立 | duì lì |
| irony/ˈaɪrəni/ | 反讽 | fǎn fěng |
| paradox/ˈpærədɒks/ | 悖论 | bèi lùn |
Three things a contrast can become
- This subtopic names three specific results of contrast, and they are not interchangeable.
- Antithesis 对立 is a direct opposition; irony 反讽 is a gap between expectation and event; paradox 悖论 is a contradiction that reveals.
- Naming the right one is the analysis; calling all three "contrast" is not.
Do not call every surprising line “irony”; antithesis and paradox are waiting to complain.
对照可以变成的三样东西
- 本小节点出了对照的三种具体结果,而它们不可互换。
- 对立(antithesis)是直接的相反;反讽(irony)是期待与实际之间的缝隙;悖论(paradox)是能揭示什么的矛盾。
- 说出正确的那一个才是分析;把三者都叫作"对照"不是。
别把每句出人意料的话都叫作“反讽”；对立和悖论正排队准备抗议呢。
Any two things placed side by side form an antithesis. · 并置的任何两件事都构成对照。⟦number⟧
An antithesis is a direct opposition, not merely a difference. · 对照是一种直接对立，而不仅仅是差异。⟦number⟧
Juxtaposition can create antithesis
- Juxtaposition may create or demonstrate an antithesis.
- An antithesis is a direct opposition — two things set against each other as opposites, not merely as different.
- So a juxtaposition of a wedding and a funeral may be an antithesis; a wedding and a market is only a juxtaposition.
并置可以造出对立
- 并置可以造出或体现一处对立。
- 对立是直接的相反——两样东西被作为对立面而非仅仅作为不同之物摆在一起。
- 因此把婚礼与葬礼并置可能是对立;把婚礼与集市并置则只是并置。
Select all · 所有 the sources of expectation irony can violate, per the CED. · 选出根据CED，反讽可能违反的所有期望来源。⟦number⟧
Saying which one is violated lifts an answer above naming the device. · 指出违反了哪一种期望能使答案超越仅仅命名修辞手法。⟦number⟧
Two kinds of irony, one definition
- Situational or verbal irony is created when events or statements in a text are inconsistent with either the expectations readers bring to a text or the expectations established by the text itself.
- So the CED gives irony two possible sources of expectation: the reader's and the text's own.
- Say which one this irony violates — that alone lifts an answer above naming the device.
两种反讽,一个定义
- 当文本中的事件或陈述,与读者带入文本的期待、或文本自身所建立的期待不一致时,便产生情境反讽或言语反讽。
- 因此 CED 为反讽给出了两个可能的期待来源:读者的与文本自身的。
- 说出这处反讽违背的是哪一种——仅这一点就让答案高于只说出手法名称。
Antithesis, irony, or paradox? · 是对照、反讽还是悖论？⟦number⟧
Sort each case by the CED's three results of contrast. · 根据CED对比的三种结果对每种案例进行排序。⟦number⟧
The job of a paradox is to... · 悖论的作用是……⟦number⟧
And the contradiction may or may not be reconciled. · 矛盾可能被也可能不被调和。⟦number⟧
A paradox's contradiction may or may not be reconciled — and resolving it is not the task. The CED says its job is to reveal a hidden or unexpected idea, so an analysis that tidies the contradiction away has removed the very thing the device was doing.
悖论中的矛盾可以被调和,也可以不被调和——而解决它并不是任务。CED 说它的职责是揭示一个隐藏或出人意料的观念,因此把矛盾收拾掉的分析,恰恰移走了这一手法所做的事。
An analysis of a paradox must name the hidden idea it ____. · 对悖论的分析必须指出它____的隐藏观点。⟦number⟧
Resolved or not — resolving it is not the task. · 无论是否解决——解决它并非任务所在。⟦number⟧
Paradox reveals
- Paradox occurs when seemingly contradictory elements are juxtaposed, but the contradiction — which may or may not be reconciled — can reveal a hidden or unexpected idea.
- Two things to carry away: the contradiction need not be resolved, and its job is to reveal.
- So an analysis of a paradox must name the hidden idea it uncovers, resolved or not.
悖论揭示
- 当看似矛盾的元素被并置时,便产生悖论,而这一矛盾——无论是否被调和——能够揭示一个隐藏或出人意料的观念。
- 有两点要记住:这一矛盾不必被解决,而它的职责是揭示。
- 因此对悖论的分析,必须说出它所揭开的那个隐藏观念,无论矛盾是否被调和。
Match each type to the question that identifies it. · 将每种类型与识别它的问题相匹配。⟦number⟧
Three questions, and each produces a different sentence of analysis. · 三个问题，每个都能产生一句不同的分析句。⟦number⟧
A contrast-type pass
- Is this a direct opposition? Then antithesis — name both poles.
- Is it a gap between what was expected and what happened? Then irony — name whose expectation.
- Is it a contradiction that uncovers something? Then paradox — name the hidden idea.
对照类型检查
- 这是直接的相反吗?那就是对立——说出两极。
- 这是期待与实际之间的缝隙吗?那就是反讽——说出是谁的期待。
- 这是揭开某样东西的矛盾吗?那就是悖论——说出那个隐藏的观念。
The house was never so full as after they left. The contradiction is not reconciled and does not need to be: it reveals that the speaker's sense of the house was made of absence all along — a hidden idea the poem never states directly.
*这所房子从未像他们离开之后那样满。*这一矛盾没有被调和,也不需要:它揭示出说话者对这所房子的感受一直是由缺席构成的——一个这首诗从未直接说出的隐藏观念。
Juxtaposition may create an antithesis — a direct opposition. Irony arises when events or statements are inconsistent with the reader's expectations or the text's own; say which. Paradox juxtaposes seemingly contradictory elements to reveal a hidden or unexpected idea, reconciled or not.
并置可以造出对立——直接的相反。当事件或陈述与读者的期待或文本自身的期待不一致时,便产生反讽;要说出是哪一种。悖论并置看似矛盾的元素,以揭示一个隐藏或出人意料的观念,矛盾可解可不解。