Coordination, Subordination, Punctuation · 并列、从属、标点
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Coordination/kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪʃn/ | 并列 | bìng liè |
| Subordination/ˌsʌbɔːdɪˈneɪʃn/ | 从属 | cóng shǔ |
Sentence structure asserts a relationship
- Writers convey their ideas in a sentence through strategic selection and placement of phrases and clauses.
- Coordination 并列 illustrates a balance or equality between ideas.
- Subordination 从属 illustrates an imbalance or inequality — so the structure makes a claim before the words do.
“And” seats two ideas as peers; “although” makes one wait while the other gets the final word.
句子结构断言一种关系
- 写作者通过对短语与分句的策略性选择与安排,在句子中传达自己的观念。
- 并列(coordination)体现观念之间的平衡或对等。
- 从属(subordination)体现不平衡或不对等——因此在词语作出主张之前,结构已经作出了主张。
“And”让两个观点平起平坐；“although”让一个先等着，把最后发言留给另一个。
Subordination illustrates... · 从属关系说明了...
So put your point in the main clause and subordinate the concession. · 所以把你的观点放在主句中，将从属连词置于让步之后。
Use subordination on purpose
- The evidence is strong and the reading is contested gives both equal weight.
- Although the reading is contested, the evidence is strong subordinates the objection and asserts your point.
- Same two facts, opposite claims — and the second is usually what you meant.
有意使用从属结构
- 证据有力,而这一解读存在争议给予两者同等分量。
- 尽管这一解读存在争议,证据仍然有力把反对意见置于从属位置,并断言了你的要点。
- 同样两个事实,相反的主张——而后者通常才是你的本意。
Joining two ideas with and leaves the reader to decide which one you were arguing for. · 用 and 连接两个思想会让读者自行决定你在论证哪一个。
Coordination asserts equality — which is rarely what an argument means. · 并列主张平等——这通常不是论证的含义。
Words that enhance clear communication
- Writers use words that enhance the clear communication of an interpretation.
- The stated criterion is clarity of the interpretation — not sophistication, not variety.
- The right word is the one that makes your reading unmistakable, and it is often a short one.
增进清晰传达的词语
- 写作者使用能增进阐释之清晰传达的词语。
- 写明的标准是阐释的清晰——不是老练,也不是多样。
- 恰当的词,是能让你的解读无可错认的那个,而它往往很短。
What does this structure assert? · 这种结构主张了什么？
Sort each construction by the relationship it claims. · 根据每个结构声称的关系对其进行排序。
The stated criterion for word choice is clarity of the ____. · 用词的选择标准是____的清晰度。
Not sophistication, not variety — and the right word is often a short one. · 不是精致，也不是多样性——正确的单词通常是一个短词。
Coordination and subordination make different claims about the same two facts. A and B says they are equal; although B, A says A wins. Writing everything with and hands the reader two equally weighted ideas and leaves them to guess which one you were arguing for.
并列与从属,对同样两个事实作出不同的主张。 A 与 B说的是两者对等;尽管 B,A说的是 A 胜出。把一切都用"与"来写,等于交给读者两个同等分量的观念,让他们去猜你在为哪一个论证。
Select all · 所有 the relationships this lesson gives for punctuation. · 选择所有本课给出的标点符号关系。
A comma does not start a paragraph. · 逗号不会开始一个新段落。
Punctuation conveys relationships
- Punctuation conveys relationships between and among parts of a sentence.
- A colon says what follows explains what preceded; a semicolon says these two are equals; a dash says stop here.
- So an unchecked mark can assert a relationship you never meant.
标点传达关系
- 标点传达句子各部分之间的关系。
- 冒号说的是后面的解释前面的;分号说的是这两者是对等的;破折号说的是在此停住。
- 因此一个未经检查的符号,可能断言了一种你从未打算表达的关系。
Put the sentence-structure pass in order. · 将句子结构检查按顺序排列。
Structure first, punctuation second, vocabulary last. · 首先是结构，其次是标点，最后是词汇。
A sentence-structure pass
- In every two-part sentence: is my point in the main clause and the concession subordinated?
- For each colon, semicolon and dash: does the relationship it asserts match what I mean?
- For each unusual word: does it make my interpretation clearer, or only longer?
句子结构检查
- 在每个两部分的句子中:我的要点是否在主句里,而让步是否被置于从属位置?
- 对每个冒号、分号与破折号:它所断言的关系是否与我的本意相符?
- 对每个不寻常的词:它是让我的阐释更清晰,还是只是更长?
Coordinated: the narrator omits her account and the reader loses her motives. Subordinated: because the narrator omits her account, the reader loses her motives. The first reports two facts; the second asserts that one causes the other — which is the claim you were actually making.
并列:*叙述者略去了她的说法,读者也就失去了她的动机。*从属:*正因为叙述者略去了她的说法,读者才失去了她的动机。*前者报告了两个事实;后者断言其中一个导致了另一个——而那才是你真正在提出的主张。
Coordination illustrates balance or equality; subordination illustrates imbalance — so put your point in the main clause. Words should enhance the clear communication of an interpretation, not display range. Punctuation conveys relationships: a colon explains, a semicolon balances, a dash stops.
并列体现平衡或对等;从属体现不平衡——因此要把你的要点放在主句里。词语应当增进阐释的清晰传达,而不是展示词汇范围。标点传达关系:冒号是解释,分号是对等,破折号是停住。