Syntax, Selection and Perspective · 句法、选材与视角
Tone shapes the reader's interpretation
- The narrator's or speaker's tone toward events or characters influences readers' interpretation of the ideas associated with those things.
- So tone does not stop at the character it describes — it reaches the ideas attached to them.
- A contemptuous tone toward a character makes the reader sceptical of what that character stands for.
A narrator may call a disastrous picnic “pleasant”; readers are free to inspect the soggy sandwiches.
语气塑造读者的阐释
- 叙述者或说话者对事件或人物的语气,影响读者对与之相关联之观念的阐释。
- 因此语气并不止于它所描述的那个人物——它触及依附于他们的观念。
- 对某个人物的轻蔑语气,会让读者对那个人物所代表的东西心生怀疑。
叙述者可以把糟糕的野餐叫作“愉快”；读者大可看看湿透的三明治再判断。
A narrator's tone influences the reader's interpretation of... · 叙述者的语气会影响读者对...的解读
Tone reaches past the character to what that character stands for. · 语气超越了角色本身，指向该角色所代表的意义。
Syntax carries tone
- The syntactical arrangement of phrases and clauses in a sentence can emphasize details or ideas and convey a narrator's or speaker's tone.
- Where a phrase sits changes what it weighs: last position is emphatic, subordinate position is discounted.
- So an unusual arrangement is evidence, and it can be quoted.
句法承载语气
- 句子中短语与分句的句法排布,可以强调某些细节或观念,并传达叙述者或说话者的语气。
- 一个短语所在的位置改变它的分量:末尾位置是强调,从属位置是被打折扣。
- 因此不寻常的排布是证据,而且可以引用。
Only the information a text includes can be used as evidence. · 只有文本包含的信息才能作为证据使用。
The CED writes included and/or not included — omission counts on its own. · CED写作时强调包含和/或不包含——省略本身即构成证据。
What is left out is evidence
- Information included and/or not included in a text conveys the perspective of characters, narrators and/or speakers.
- The CED writes and/or deliberately: omission counts on its own.
- So the obvious question a narration never asks is analysable, and often the sharpest evidence available.
被略去的东西是证据
- 文本中被纳入和/或未被纳入的信息,传达人物、叙述者和/或说话者的视角。
- CED 有意写下"和/或":遗漏本身就算数。
- 因此一段叙述从不发问的那个显而易见的问题是可供分析的,而且往往是最锋利的证据。
Which signal is this? · 这是什么信号？
Sort each observation by the CED's category. · 按CED的分类对每项观察结果进行排序。
Perspective may influence the details and the ____ of detail in a text. · 视角可能影响文本中的细节及其____。
Four pages on a room and one line on a death is a perspective stated in proportions. · 四页描写一个房间和一行描写死亡，是以比例呈现的视角。
Omission is evidence in its own right. The CED writes information included and/or not included, so the question a narration never asks — the person it never describes, the year it skips — is analysable material, not an absence of material.
遗漏本身就是证据。CED 写的是"被纳入和/或未被纳入的信息",因此一段叙述从不发问的那个问题——它从不描写的那个人、它跳过的那一年——是可供分析的材料,而不是材料的缺席。
Select all · 所有 the things the amount of detail may reveal. · 选择细节数量可能揭示的所有内容。
The CED names exactly those three. · CED明确指出了这三种情况。
The amount of detail is a signal too
- A narrator's or speaker's perspective may influence the details and amount of detail in a text and may reveal biases, motivations or understandings.
- Not only which details — how many.
- Four pages on a room and one line on a death is a perspective, stated in proportions.
细节的多少也是一个信号
- 叙述者或说话者的视角,可能影响文本中的细节及细节的多少,并可能揭示偏见、动机或理解。
- 不只是哪些细节——还有多少细节。
- 四页写一个房间、一行写一场死亡,这是一种以比例表述出来的视角。
Put the selection pass in order. · 将选材段落按顺序排列。
Proportions are usually stronger evidence than any single sentence. · 比例通常比任何单句都是更强的证据。
A selection pass
- Find one sentence with an unusual arrangement and say what its last position emphasises.
- List what the narration covers in detail and what it passes over.
- Then name the bias, motivation or understanding those proportions reveal.
取舍检查
- 找出一个排布不寻常的句子,说出它的末尾位置强调了什么。
- 列出这段叙述详写了什么、又一带而过了什么。
- 然后说出这些比例所揭示的偏见、动机或理解。
The narrator gives four pages to the funeral arrangements and one clause to the death itself: "after she died." Nothing is hidden and nothing is false. The proportions reveal a narrator who can manage a process and cannot approach an event — and the whole novel is about that difference.
叙述者用四页写葬礼的安排,用一个分句写死亡本身:*"在她去世之后。"*没有隐瞒,也没有虚假。这些比例揭示出一位能够操办流程、却无法靠近事件的叙述者——而整部小说讲的正是这一差别。
Tone influences readers' interpretation of the ideas associated with events and characters. Syntactical arrangement emphasises details and conveys tone. Information included and/or not included conveys perspective, and the amount of detail may reveal biases, motivations or understandings.
语气影响读者对与事件和人物相关联之观念的阐释。句法排布强调细节并传达语气。被纳入和/或未被纳入的信息传达视角,而细节的多少可能揭示偏见、动机或理解。