Different Perspectives, Different Texts · 不同视角，不同文本
Three things change with the perspective
- Different character, narrator or speaker perspectives often reveal different information, develop different attitudes, and influence different interpretations of a text and the ideas in it.
- Three effects, and they are not the same claim.
- Information is what you get; attitude is how it is coloured; interpretation is what the whole text then means.
Two narrators describe the same dinner: one reviews the soup, the other asks where the host went.
随视角改变的有三样东西
- 人物、叙述者或说话者的不同视角,常常揭示不同的信息、发展出不同的态度,并影响对文本及其中观念的不同阐释。
- 三种效果,而它们不是同一个主张。
- 信息是你得到什么;态度是它被怎样着色;阐释是整个文本因此意味着什么。
两位叙述者说的是同一顿饭：一位点评汤，另一位只想知道主人去哪儿了。
Select all · 所有 the effects the CED gives to different perspectives. · 选择CED列出的所有不同视角产生的效果。
The plot is the same; what changes is access, colouring and meaning. · 情节是相同的；变化的是获取信息的途径、色彩和含义。
Different information
- Two characters in the same room have access to different facts.
- In a long novel this is structural: whole subplots exist only in one character's knowledge.
- So ask, at any point, who knows what — and what the reader knows because of whose perspective they are in.
不同的信息
- 同一个房间里的两个人物,能接触到的事实并不相同。
- 在长篇小说中这是结构性的:整条支线可能只存在于某一个人物的知情范围内。
- 因此在任何一处都要问:谁知道什么——以及读者是因为身处谁的视角而知道了什么。
If two characters describe the same event differently, one of them is lying. · 如果两个角色以不同方式描述同一事件，其中必有一人在撒谎。
Each perspective develops its own attitude toward the same event. · 每个视角都对同一事件形成自己的态度。
Different attitudes
- The same fact carries a different attitude depending on who reports it.
- A marriage described by the bride, the mother and the creditor is three different marriages.
- None of them is lying; each perspective develops its own attitude toward the same event.
不同的态度
- 同一个事实,依报告者不同,携带的态度也不同。
- 由新娘、母亲与债主分别描述的一桩婚姻,是三桩不同的婚姻。
- 他们都没有说谎;每一种视角都对同一事件发展出自己的态度。
Information, attitude, or interpretation? · 信息、态度还是解读？
Sort each observation by which of the three effects it shows. · 根据每个观察结果展示了三种效果中的哪一种进行排序。
The effect most essays fail to reach is... · 大多数文章未能达到的效果是...
Showing two characters know different facts proves only the first claim. · 表明两个角色知道不同的事实只能证明第一个主张。
Different information, different attitude and different interpretation are three separate claims. An essay that shows two characters know different facts has proved the first and often stops there — while the marks are in the third: what each perspective makes of the idea the events raise.
不同的信息、不同的态度、不同的阐释,是三个不同的主张。一篇文章说明两个人物知道不同的事实,只是证明了第一项,而往往就此停下——而分数在第三项:每种视角对事件所引出的那个观念作何理解。
Perspectives influence different interpretations of a text and the ____ in it. · 视角会影响对文本及其中____的不同解读。
So a novel with two perspectives on duty offers two readings of duty itself. · 因此，一部拥有两种责任视角的小说提供了关于责任本身的两种解读。
Different interpretations of the ideas
- The CED's third effect is the largest: perspectives influence different interpretations of a text and the ideas in it.
- So a novel that gives you two perspectives on duty is offering two readings of duty itself.
- The book need not choose, and the strongest essays notice when it does not.
对观念的不同阐释
- CED 的第三种效果最大:视角影响对文本及其中观念的不同阐释。
- 因此一部给你两种关于责任之视角的小说,提供的是对责任本身的两种解读。
- 这本书不必作出选择,而最好的文章会注意到它没有选择。
Put the perspectives pass in order. · 将视角段落按顺序排列。
The last step is where an essay stops describing and starts interpreting. · 最后一步是从描述转向解读的关键。
A perspectives pass
- Pick one event. Write what each perspective knows about it.
- Write the attitude each takes toward it.
- Then name the idea the event touches, and how each perspective reads that idea.
视角检查
- 挑一个事件。写下每一种视角对它知道些什么。
- 写下每一种视角对它所持的态度。
- 然后说出这个事件触及了哪个观念,以及每种视角如何解读这个观念。
Information: only the sister knows the debt was already paid. Attitude: the brother speaks of the estate as a burden, the sister as a rescue. Interpretation: the novel is offering two readings of what a family owes, and it never rules on which is right — which is why the ending can be read twice.
信息:只有妹妹知道那笔债已经还清。态度:哥哥把这份家产说成负担,妹妹说成一次搭救。阐释:这部小说提供了关于一个家庭亏欠什么的两种解读,而它从不裁定哪一种正确——这正是结局可以被读两遍的原因。
Different perspectives reveal different information, develop different attitudes, and influence different interpretations of the text and its ideas. These are three separate claims — most essays prove the first and stop, while the marks are in what each perspective makes of the idea.
不同的视角揭示不同的信息、发展出不同的态度,并影响对文本及其观念的不同阐释。这是三个不同的主张——多数文章证明了第一项就停下,而分数在于每种视角对那个观念作何理解。