Coherence at Three Levels · 三个层面的连贯性
Coherence is not one thing
- Coherence occurs at different levels in a piece of writing.
- In a sentence, the idea in one clause logically links to the idea in the next.
- In a paragraph, one sentence links to the next; in a text, one paragraph links to the next.
Coherence gives every paragraph a reason to know its neighbour; it is more than a polite apartment block.
连贯不是一件事
- 连贯在一篇文字的不同层次上发生。
- 在句子中,一个分句的观念与下一个分句的观念在逻辑上相连。
- 在段落中,一句连着下一句;在整篇中,一段连着下一段。
连贯性让每段都有理由认识隔壁那段；光做礼貌邻居还不够。
Select all · 所有 the levels at which the CED says coherence occurs. · 选择 所有 CED 所说的连贯性发生的层面。
Three levels, each with its own test. · 三个层面，每个都有自己的测试。
Coherence comes from arrangement
- Writers achieve coherence when the arrangement and organization of reasons, evidence, ideas or details is logical.
- So coherence is produced by the order first, and only then signalled by words.
- Connectives cannot rescue a paragraph whose ideas are in the wrong sequence.
连贯来自安排
- 当理由、证据、观念或细节的安排与组织合乎逻辑时,写作者便实现了连贯。
- 因此连贯首先由顺序产生,然后才由词语加以标示。
- 对于观念顺序错误的段落,连接词是救不回来的。
Select all · 所有 the devices the CED lists for indicating relationships. · 选择 所有 CED 列出的用于表示关系的修辞手法。
Four of the five are not connective words at all. · 这五项中有四项根本不是连接词。
Five devices that indicate relationships
- The CED lists them: transitions, repetition, synonyms, pronoun references, parallel structure.
- Four of the five are not connective words at all — which is why an essay can be coherent without a single furthermore.
- Repeating a key noun is often stronger than a transition, because it names the thread instead of announcing one.
五种标示关系的手段
- CED 列出了它们:过渡语、重复、同义词、代词指代、平行结构。
- 五者中有四者根本不是连接词——这正是一篇文章可以一个"此外"都不用却依然连贯的原因。
- 重复一个关键名词,往往比一个过渡语更有力,因为它点出了那条线索,而不是宣布有一条。
Which level of coherence is being tested? · 正在测试哪个层面的连贯性？
Sort each check by the level the CED names. · 根据 CED 指出的层面对每个检查进行分类。
Adding transitions can make an essay with the wrong paragraph order coherent. · 添加过渡词可以使段落顺序错误的论文变得连贯。
Coherence lives in the arrangement; devices only indicate relationships the order already has. · 连贯性存在于排列之中；修辞手法仅指示排列本身已存在的关系。
Transitions cannot rescue a wrong order. The CED puts coherence in the arrangement and organization first; the five devices only indicate relationships that the sequence already has. An essay full of furthermore and moreover whose paragraphs could be shuffled is not coherent — it is labelled.
过渡语救不回错误的顺序。CED 首先把连贯放在安排与组织之中;那五种手段只是标示出顺序已经具有的关系。满是"此外""而且"、段落却可以随意调换的文章不是连贯的——它只是被贴了标签。
Match each level to its test. · 将每个层面与其测试匹配。
Three tests you can run in the last two minutes of an exam. · 你可以在考试最后两分钟进行的三项测试。
Parallel structure carries meaning
- Two sentences built the same way tell the reader the ideas are of the same kind.
- Break the pattern and the reader registers that this one is different.
- So parallel structure is a coherence device that also does the work of emphasis.
平行结构承载意义
- 以同样方式构造的两个句子,告诉读者这些观念属于同一类。
- 打破这一模式,读者就会意识到这一个不一样。
- 因此平行结构既是连贯手段,也承担了强调的工作。
To test coherence at the text level, read only your ____ sentences in order. · 要测试文本层面的连贯性，请仅按顺序阅读你的____句子。
If they make an argument by themselves, the arrangement is sound. · 如果它们能独立构成论证，则排列是稳固的。
A coherence pass at each level
- Text: read only your topic sentences in order. Do they make an argument by themselves?
- Paragraph: does each sentence pick up something from the one before?
- Sentence: does the second clause follow from the first, or merely sit beside it?
逐层进行的连贯检查
- 整篇:只按顺序读你的各个主题句。它们本身是否构成一个论证?
- 段落:每一句是否都承接了前一句的某样东西?
- 句子:第二个分句是从第一个推出的,还是只是并排放着?
Read three topic sentences in order: the praise is confined to the past tense → the present-tense passages describe only the house's absence → so the affection the poem expresses requires the loss it laments. No transition words at all, and the argument is fully coherent — the arrangement did it.
按顺序读三个主题句:那些称赞被限定在过去时中 → 用现在时写的段落只描述这所房子的缺席 → *因此这首诗所表达的眷恋,需要它所哀悼的那份失去。*一个过渡词也没有,而论证完全连贯——是安排做到的。
Coherence occurs at three levels — sentence, paragraph, text — and comes from a logical arrangement, not from connectives. Relationships may be indicated by transitions, repetition, synonyms, pronoun references and parallel structure; four of the five are not connective words. Test the text level by reading your topic sentences alone.
连贯发生在三个层次上——句子、段落、整篇——并且来自合乎逻辑的安排,而不是连接词。关系可以由过渡语、重复、同义词、代词指代与平行结构来标示;五者中有四者不是连接词。检验整篇层次的方法,是单独读你的各个主题句。