Referents, Repetition, Alliteration · 指代词、重复与头韵
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| antecedent/ˌæntɪˈsiːdənt/ | 先行词 | xiān xíng cí |
| Alliteration/əˌlɪtəˈreɪʃn/ | 头韵 | tóu yùn |
Every pronoun points somewhere
- An antecedent 先行词 is a word, phrase or clause that precedes its referent.
- Referents may be pronouns, nouns, phrases or clauses — not only it and she.
- Tracking what points to what is the most basic close reading there is, and poems break it deliberately.
If “it” has three possible owners, the pronoun has lost its name tag.
每个代词都指向某处
- 先行词(antecedent)是位于其指代成分之前的词、短语或分句。
- 指代成分可以是代词、名词、短语或分句——不只是它和她。
- 追踪什么指向什么,是最基本的细读,而诗会有意打破它。
如果“它”可能指三样东西，这个代词就是把名牌弄丢了。
An antecedent is... · 先行词是……
And referents may be pronouns, nouns, phrases or clauses — not only it and she. · 指代词可以是代词、名词、短语或从句——不仅限于it和she。
Ambiguity is a technique
- Referents are ambiguous if they can refer to more than one antecedent, which affects interpretation.
- In prose that is usually an error; in a poem it is usually a choice.
- When it could mean two things, the poem is holding both — say so, rather than picking one.
歧义是一种手法
- 如果指代成分可以指向不止一个先行词,它就是歧义的,而这会影响阐释。
- 在散文中,这通常是失误;在诗中,这通常是选择。
- 当它可能指两样东西时,这首诗是把两者都握着——把这一点说出来,而不是挑一个。
In a poem, an ambiguous referent should be resolved by choosing the likelier meaning. · 在诗歌中，模糊的指代词应通过选择更可能的含义来解决。
Ambiguity affects interpretation; the poem is holding both, so say so. · 模糊性影响解读；诗歌同时包含这两种含义，所以应指出这一点。
Repetition
- Words or phrases may be repeated to emphasize ideas or associations.
- The second use of a word is never identical to the first: it now carries where it has been.
- So analyse a repetition by saying what happened to the word in between.
重复
- 词语或短语可以通过重复来强调观念或联想。
- 一个词的第二次出现,绝不会与第一次相同:它此刻带着它去过的地方。
- 因此分析重复的方法,是说出这个词在两次之间经历了什么。
Which word-level device is at work? · 正在起作用的词法手段是什么？
Sort each observation by the device the CED names. · 根据CED命名的手段对每个观察结果进行分类。
Analyse a repetition by saying what happened to the word in ____. · 通过分析重复来说明该词在____发生了什么变化。
The second use is never identical to the first — it carries where it has been. · 第二次使用从未与第一次完全相同——它携带了它曾经过的地方。
Noticing alliteration is not analysing it. The CED says alliteration emphasizes those words and their associations — so the analysis names which words the sound binds together and what they now share. "There is alliteration in line 4" earns nothing.
注意到头韵不等于分析它。CED 说头韵强调的是那些词及其联想——因此分析要说出这个音把哪些词绑在了一起,以及它们此刻共有什么。"第 4 行有头韵"什么也得不到。
Select all · 所有 the parts of an alliteration analysis. · 选择所有头韵分析的组成部分。
Syllable-counting is metrics, not an account of what the alliteration emphasizes. · 数音节是格律学，不是关于头韵强调了什么的描述。
Alliteration
- Alliteration 头韵 is the repetition of the same letter sound at the beginning of adjacent or nearby words.
- Its stated purpose is to emphasize those words and their associations or representations.
- So an analysis must name the words it binds — not merely note that a sound recurs.
头韵
- 头韵(alliteration)是相邻或邻近词语开头同一字母音的重复。
- 其明确的作用是强调这些词及其联想或所表征之物。
- 因此分析必须说出它绑在一起的是哪些词——而不只是指出某个音重复出现。
Match each device to the question that analyses it. · 将每个手段与其分析的问题匹配。
Each question forces the analysis past merely spotting the device. · 每个问题都迫使分析超越单纯发现手段这一步。
A word-level pass
- Trace every pronoun to its antecedent, and mark any that has two.
- Circle every repeated word and say what changed between uses.
- For alliteration, name the words bound together and what they now share.
词层面的检查
- 把每个代词追溯到它的先行词,并标出任何有两个先行词的。
- 圈出每个重复的词,说出两次使用之间发生了什么变化。
- 对于头韵,说出被绑在一起的是哪些词,以及它们此刻共有什么。
"the still, shut, sunless room" binds three words by sound. Analysis: the alliteration makes still, shut and sunless read as one property rather than three descriptions, so the room is not merely dark — it is a single closed condition the speaker cannot separate into parts.
"那间静止的、紧闭的、无阳光的房间"用声音把三个词绑在一起。分析:头韵使静止、紧闭、无阳光读起来像一种属性,而不是三项描述,于是这个房间不只是暗——它是一种说话者无法拆分为几部分的、单一的封闭状态。
An antecedent precedes its referent; referents may be pronouns, nouns, phrases or clauses, and ambiguous ones affect interpretation — in a poem, usually on purpose. Repetition emphasizes ideas or associations. Alliteration repeats an initial sound to emphasize those words and their associations — so name the words it binds.
先行词位于其指代成分之前;指代成分可以是代词、名词、短语或分句,而歧义的指代会影响阐释——在诗中通常是有意为之。重复强调观念或联想。头韵重复词首的音,以强调这些词及其联想——因此要说出它绑住了哪些词。