Choosing Your Move · 选择你的动作
Pick the move your evidence can pay for
- Deciding to address a counterargument is one decision; deciding how is another.
- Refute if you have evidence that demonstrates invalidity. Rebut if you have a contrasting perspective. Concede if you have neither.
- The commonest exam mistake is attempting a refutation on rebuttal-grade evidence.
You cannot refute a claim by giving it a stern look; the evidence has to do the work.
选择你的证据付得起的那个动作
- 决定处理某个反论是一个决定;决定如何处理是另一个。
- 如果你有能证明其不成立的证据,就驳斥。如果你有一种对照性视角,就反驳。两者都没有,就让步。
- 考场上最常见的失误,是用只够反驳的证据去尝试驳斥。
瞪着反方观点看，驳不倒它；还得让证据干活。
You have a contrasting perspective but no evidence of invalidity. The right move is to... · 你有一种对照性视角,但没有能证明其不成立的证据。正确的动作是……
A rebuttal proposes invalidity; attempting a refutation without evidence is the commonest exam mistake. · 反驳是主张其不成立;在没有证据时尝试驳斥,是考场上最常见的失误。
Conceding is the strongest move you can always afford
- A concession costs the claim you gave up and nothing else.
- It buys credibility, and the reader who reads your next paragraph now believes you weigh things.
- Acknowledging a limitation of your own argument is a concession that costs no ground at all.
让步是你随时都负担得起的最强动作
- 一次让步的代价,只是你交出的那个主张,别无其他。
- 它换来的是可信度,而读到你下一段的读者,此刻已相信你是会权衡的人。
- 承认自己论证的一处局限,是一种完全不失阵地的让步。
A concession costs only the ____ you gave up. · 一次让步的代价,只是你交出的那个 ____。
And it buys credibility with the reader who reads your next paragraph. · 而它为你在读下一段的读者那里换来了可信度。
Signal the move with a transition
- Transitions introduce counterarguments and tell the reader which move is coming.
- Admittedly / it is true that signal a concession; however / yet signal the turn back.
- A counterargument with no signal reads as the writer changing their mind.
用过渡语标示这个动作
- 过渡语引出反论,并告诉读者接下来是哪个动作。
- 诚然、确实标示的是让步;然而、但是标示的是转回。
- 没有标示的反论,读起来像是写作者改变了主意。
The turn after a concession may re-argue exactly what was conceded. · 让步之后的转回,可以对刚刚让出的那一点重新论证。
That withdraws the concession — turn on different ground and make the turn narrower. · 那等于收回了让步——要在不同的立足点上转回,并使转回的范围更窄。
The turn must be narrower than the concession. If you concede that costs are high and then turn by claiming costs are not really high, you have withdrawn the concession — and a reader who saw it given will see it taken back. Turn on a different ground from the one you gave up.
转回的范围必须比让步的范围更窄。如果你让步承认成本很高,接着又转而声称成本其实并不高,那你就是把让步收了回来——而看见你给出它的读者,也会看见你把它收回。要在与所让出者不同的立足点上转回。
Choose the qualifying move for the situation · 按情境选择让步的方式
Concede, rebut and refute admit different amounts, and the choice is evidence-driven. · 让步、反驳与驳倒承认的程度不同,而这一选择取决于证据。
Put the concede-then-turn structure in order. · 把"先让步、再转回"的结构排序。
Naming the objection first is what makes the concession read as judgement rather than retreat. · 先点明反对意见,才使这次让步读起来是判断而非退却。
Concede-then-turn
- The safest structure: name the strongest objection, concede exactly what is true in it, then turn.
- The turn must be narrower than the concession, or you have taken back what you gave.
- "The cost objection is right; what it does not reach is the case for the second year."
先让步,再转回
- 最稳妥的结构:点明最有力的反对意见,准确地让出其中为真的部分,然后转回。
- 转回的范围必须比让步的范围更窄,否则你就是把给出去的东西又收了回来。
- "关于成本的反对意见是对的;它没有触及的,是第二年的理由。"
Match each piece of evidence to the move it can pay for. · 把每种证据与它付得起的动作配对。
Attempting a move your evidence cannot pay for is what a reader notices. · 去做一个你的证据付不起的动作,正是读者会注意到的事。
Check what you actually did
- Find your counterargument paragraph and name your own move: concede, rebut or refute.
- If you cannot name it, the reader cannot either.
- If you named refute, point at the evidence — if you cannot, it was a rebuttal, and should be worded as one.
检查你实际做了什么
- 找到你处理反论的那一段,说出你自己的动作是哪一个:让步、反驳,还是驳斥。
- 如果你说不出来,读者也说不出来。
- 如果你说的是驳斥,就指出那份证据——若指不出来,它就是反驳,措辞也该按反驳来写。
Concede: "The first-year cost is high — the objection is right about that." Turn: "What it does not reach is the second year, where the same programme costs a third as much." The concession stands; the turn happens somewhere else.
让步:*"第一年的成本确实很高——这一点反对意见没有说错。"转回:"它没有触及的是第二年,同一项计划在那时的花费只有三分之一。"*让步依然成立;转回发生在别处。
Match the move to your evidence: refute only with evidence that demonstrates invalidity, rebut with a contrasting perspective, concede when you have neither — and a concession costs only the claim you gave up. Signal every move with a transition, and make the turn narrower than the concession.
让动作与你的证据相匹配:只有拿得出能证明其不成立的证据时才驳斥,有对照性视角时反驳,两者皆无时让步——而让步的代价只是你交出的那个主张。用过渡语标示每一个动作,并让转回的范围比让步更窄。