Audiences Are Dynamic · 受众是动态的
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| similes, metaphors, analogies or anecdotes/ˈsɪmɪlɪz ˈmetəfɔːz əˈnælədʒiz ɔː ˈænɪkdəʊts/ | 明喻、隐喻、类比与轶事 | míng yù 、 yǐn yù 、 lèi bǐ yǔ yì shì |
| syntax and diction/ˈsɪntæks ænd ˈdɪkʃn/ | 句法与措辞 | jù fǎ yǔ cuò cí |
| Word choice may reflect a writer's biases/wɜːd tʃɔɪs meɪ rɪˈflekt ə ˈraɪtəz ˈbaɪəsɪz/ | 偏见 | piān jiàn |
The reader who finishes your essay is not the one who started it
- An argument that has just conceded something is being read by someone slightly different.
- Audiences are unique and dynamic — they change as they read.
- So the order in which you address them is part of the argument, not a formatting choice.
By paragraph four, the reader has eaten three courses of your argument; do not hand them the menu again.
读完你文章的读者,不是开始读它的那个人
- 刚刚作出让步的论证,面对的已经是一个略有不同的读者。
- 受众是独特而流动的——他们在阅读过程中发生变化。
- 因此你面向他们的先后顺序,是论证的一部分,而不是格式选择。
读到第四段时，读者已经吃下你论证的三道菜；别再把菜单递过去。
Saying audiences are dynamic means that they... · 说受众是动态的意味着他们...
An argument that has just conceded is read by a slightly different reader. · 刚刚做出让步后的论证会被稍微不同的读者阅读。
Comparisons that reach an audience
- Writers may make comparisons — similes, metaphors, analogies or anecdotes 明喻、隐喻、类比与轶事 — in an attempt to relate to an audience.
- A comparison works by borrowing what the audience already understands.
- So a comparison fails when the audience does not hold the thing being borrowed.
触及受众的比喻
- 写作者可以运用比喻——明喻、隐喻、类比或轶事(similes, metaphors, analogies or anecdotes)——来试图与受众建立联系。
- 比喻的作用方式,是借用受众已经理解的东西。
- 因此当受众并不拥有被借用的那样东西时,比喻就失效了。
Select all · 所有 the comparisons the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有比较方式。
Anecdotes complete the list; statistics are evidence, not a comparison. · 轶事构成了完整列表；统计数据是证据，而非比较手法。
A comparison works by ____ what the audience already understands. · 比较手法通过____受众已知的事物来发挥作用。
That is also why it fails on a reader who does not hold the borrowed thing. · 这也是为什么它对不具备该借用对象的读者而言无效的原因。
Diction characterises the writer
- Writers' choices about syntax and diction 句法与措辞 influence how the writer is perceived.
- Word choice may reflect a writer's biases 偏见 and affect their credibility with a particular audience.
- So a loaded word describes the writer as well as the subject — and readers discount accordingly.
措辞刻画写作者
- 写作者在句法与措辞(syntax and diction)上的选择,影响读者如何看待写作者。
- 用词可能反映写作者的偏见(biases),并影响其对特定受众的可信度。
- 因此一个带色彩的词,既刻画了主题,也刻画了写作者——而读者会相应地打折扣。
Which audience factor is at work? · 哪种受众因素正在起作用？
Sort each observation by the factor the CED names. · 根据CED命名的因素对每条观察结果进行分类。
Word choice can affect a writer's credibility with an audience. · 用词选择会影响作者在某类受众面前的可信度。
Loaded diction describes the writer as well as the subject, and readers discount accordingly. · 带有倾向性的措辞既描绘了作者也描绘了主题，读者会据此相应地降低评价。
A comparison borrows what the audience already understands — so it fails silently on a reader who does not hold the borrowed thing. An analogy to a sport, a text or a shared memory is a bet on the audience, and a lost bet costs more than plain statement would have.
比喻借用的是受众已经理解的东西——因此在不拥有被借之物的读者那里,它会无声地失效。用体育、某个文本或共同记忆作类比,是一场对受众的赌注,而赌输的代价,比平铺直叙更大。
Reading a text for its picture of you
- Ask what the writer assumed you already valued.
- Ask what comparison they reached for, and what it required you to know.
- The answers describe the audience the writer imagined — which may not be the one they got.
从文本中读出它对你的设想
- 问写作者假定了你已经看重什么。
- 问他们伸手去够的是哪一个比喻,而这需要你知道什么。
- 这些答案描述的是写作者所设想的受众——而这未必就是他实际得到的受众。
Match each factor to the question it answers. · 将每个因素与其回答的问题匹配。
A text can get one right and the others wrong — which is why it half-works. · 文本可能答对一项而错答其余——这就是它只起部分作用的原因。
Perspectives, contexts and needs
- Because audiences are unique and dynamic, writers must consider the perspectives, contexts and needs of the intended audience.
- Three separate things: where they stand, what surrounds them, and what they lack.
- A text can get one right and the others wrong, which is usually why it half-works.
视角、语境与需求
- 由于受众是独特而流动的,写作者必须考虑目标受众的视角、语境与需求(perspectives, contexts and needs)。
- 这是三样不同的东西:他们站在哪里、周围有什么、缺少什么。
- 一个文本可能其中一项对了、另两项错了,而这通常正是它只成功一半的原因。
A writer compares a funding formula to a household budget. For readers who run one, the comparison does real work. For readers whose objection is that a public body is not a household, the same sentence has conceded the argument before making it.
一位写作者把某个拨款公式比作家庭预算。对于自己管家的读者,这个比喻确实起作用。而对于那些反对意见恰恰是"公共机构不是家庭"的读者,同一句话在论证展开之前就已经让出了立场。
Audiences are unique and dynamic and change as they read. Comparisons borrow what an audience already understands and fail when it does not. Syntax and diction shape how the writer is perceived, and loaded word choice costs credibility. Consider perspectives, contexts and needs separately.
受众是独特而流动的,并在阅读过程中变化。比喻借用受众已经理解的东西,当他们不理解时便失效。句法与措辞塑造读者如何看待写作者,而带色彩的用词会损害可信度。要把视角、语境与需求分开考虑。