Position and Perspective · 立场与视角
Two sources agree, and that is the interesting part
- Sorting sources into "for" and "against" gives you two piles and a paragraph each.
- But two sources on the same side may be arguing from completely different places.
- That difference is where a claim of your own comes from.
Two sources agree the roof leaks; one wants a bucket and the other wants a roofer. Agreement is only the start.
两个来源意见一致,而有意思的正在于此
- 把来源分成"赞成"与"反对"两类,你得到的是两堆材料、各写一段。
- 但同一阵营的两个来源,可能是从完全不同的位置出发在论证。
- 这一差别,正是属于你自己的主张的来源。
两份材料都说屋顶漏水；一份要水桶，一份要修屋顶的人。意见相同只是起点。
The distinction itself
- A position and a perspective are different.
- Sources may hold the same position on a subject and yet each come from a different perspective.
- Position is which side; perspective is from where.
这一区分本身
- 立场与视角是不同的。
- 多个来源可以在某一主题上持相同立场,却各自出自不同视角。
- 立场是哪一边;视角是从何处出发。
Position or perspective? · 立场还是视角？
Sort each description by which of the two it names. · 根据每项描述命名的是两者中的哪一个进行排序。
Two sources with the same position may still differ in... · 持有相同立场的两个来源可能在...方面仍有差异
Position · 位置 is which side; perspective is from where. Agreement can be thinner than it looks. · **Position（立场）**指站哪边；**perspective（视角）**指从何处看。表面的一致可能比看起来更薄。
Synthesis needs the second one
- When synthesising, writers draw on arguments from multiple sources and select the most relevant information.
- Sorting by position produces summary; sorting by perspective produces a claim neither source makes.
- "Both defend it, but for reasons that do not survive together" is a sentence only perspective can generate.
综合需要的是后者
- 综合时,写作者取用多个来源的论证,并选取最相关的信息。
- 按立场分类产生概括;按视角分类则产生一项两个来源都没有作出的主张。
- "两者都为它辩护,但其理由无法同时成立"——这样的句子只有从视角出发才写得出。
Sorting sources by side is the best preparation for a synthesis essay. · 按立场对来源分类是准备综合论述作文的最佳方式。
It produces two piles and a paragraph of summary each; sorting by perspective produces a claim. · 这会产出两堆素材和每堆一个总结段落；按视角分类则能产生一个主张。
Sorting sources into for and against decides a synthesis essay's grade before a word is written. Two piles produce two paragraphs of summary. Sort by perspective — from where is each source arguing? — and a claim of your own becomes available.
把来源分成赞成与反对,在写下第一个字之前就决定了一篇综合写作的成绩。两堆材料只能产出两段概括。改按视角分类——每个来源是从何处出发在论证?——属于你自己的主张才会出现。
A source's credibility is reflected by the degree to which it considers other ____. · 一个来源的可信度体现在其考虑其他____的程度。
A source that acknowledges nothing against itself is weaker by the CED's own standard. · 根据 CED 的标准，一个完全不承认自身弱点的来源可信度较低。
Judging a source
- A source provides information for an argument, and some sources are more reliable or credible than others.
- The CED gives a usable test: the degree to which a source considers other positions reflects how credible it is.
- A source that acknowledges nothing against itself is, by that standard, weaker — and you may say so.
判断一个来源
- 来源为论证提供信息,而有些来源比另一些更可靠或更可信。
- CED 给出了一个可用的检验:一个来源在多大程度上考虑了其他立场,反映了它有多可信。
- 按这一标准,一个不承认任何不利于自己之事的来源就是较弱的——而你可以在文中这样说。
Select all · 所有 that the CED says the strongest arguments do. · 选择所有 CED 认为最强有力的论证所具备的特征。
Number of sources is never the standard; relevance and acknowledgement are. · 来源数量从来不是标准；相关性和承认才是。
Match each sorting method to what it produces. · 将每种分类方法与它产生的结果匹配。
The sorting decision is made before the writing, and it decides most of the grade. · 分类决策在动笔前就已完成，它决定了大部分分数。
Acknowledging other positions
- The strongest arguments recognise and acknowledge the other positions that exist.
- That applies to the sources you are judging and to the essay you are writing.
- The same standard you use on them is the one you will be marked by.
承认其他立场
- 最有力的论证会认识并承认存在的其他立场。
- 这既适用于你所判断的来源,也适用于你正在写的文章。
- 你用在它们身上的那把尺子,也正是衡量你的那把尺子。
Two sources support a training scheme. One is a manager reporting completion figures; the other a participant describing what the training let her do next. Same position, different perspective — and the essay can now ask which of the two the scheme's own measure was built to capture.
两个来源都支持某项培训方案。一个是报告完成率的管理者;另一个是描述这项培训让她此后能做什么的参与者。立场相同,视角不同——而文章此刻便可以追问:该方案自己的指标,当初是为捕捉两者中的哪一个而设计的。
Position is which side a source is on; perspective is where it argues from. Sorting by position produces summary; sorting by perspective produces your own claim. Judge a source by how far it considers other positions — and apply the same standard to your own essay.
立场是某个来源站在哪一边;视角是它从何处出发论证。按立场分类产生概括;按视角分类产生属于你的主张。用它在多大程度上考虑了其他立场来判断一个来源——并把同一标准用在你自己的文章上。