Using Transitional Elements · 使用过渡元素
Most transitions carry no information
- Furthermore tells a reader almost nothing: here is another sentence.
- Even in the cases where the effect is smallest tells them what relationship is coming.
- A transition should carry the relationship, not merely mark a boundary.
“Furthermore” is the transition equivalent of “And then another thing happened.”
多数过渡不承载信息
- 此外几乎什么也没告诉读者:这里还有一句。
- 即使在效果最小的那些情形中则告诉他们接下来会是什么关系。
- 过渡应当承载关系,而不只是标记分界。
“Furthermore”（此外）像一句“然后又发生了一件事”：它没说两件事怎么相连。
What transitions are for
- Transitional elements are words or other elements — phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraphs — that assist in creating coherence.
- They can also introduce evidence or indicate its relationship to other ideas or evidence.
- So a transition has two possible jobs, and the second is the one that earns marks.
过渡是做什么的
- 过渡成分是有助于创造连贯的词语或其他成分——短语、分句、句子,乃至段落。
- 它们也可以引入证据,或指出它与其他观念或证据的关系。
- 因此过渡有两项可能的工作,而第二项才是得分的那一项。
Beyond creating coherence, a transition can... · 除了创造连贯性外，过渡还可以...
That second job is the one that earns marks. · 第二项功能才是得分点。
A transition can be a whole paragraph
- The CED explicitly allows a transitional element to be a paragraph.
- In a long argument, a short paragraph whose only job is to turn the reasoning is legitimate.
- It is often the most elegant way to move from conceding to pressing your case.
一个过渡可以是整整一段
- CED 明确允许过渡成分可以是一个段落。
- 在一篇长论证中,一个唯一职责是让推理转向的短段落是正当的。
- 它往往是从让步转向力陈己见的最漂亮的方式。
A transitional element can be a whole paragraph. · 过渡元素可以是一个完整的段落。
The CED explicitly includes paragraphs among transitional elements. · CED明确将段落列为过渡元素之一。
A transition can paper over a gap rather than build a bridge. If deleting also or furthermore makes two sentences look unconnected, they were unconnected — the transition was hiding the problem, not solving it.
过渡可能是在糊住一道缝隙,而不是搭起一座桥。如果删掉"还"或"此外"之后,前后两句显得毫无关联,那它们本就毫无关联——过渡是在掩盖问题,而不是解决问题。
Does this transition carry a relationship? · 这个过渡是否承载了关系？
Sort each transition by what it does. · 根据每个过渡的作用对其进行排序。
To test a transition, ____ it and read the two sentences together. · 要测试一个过渡，____它并将两个句子放在一起读。
If nothing is lost, it was decoration; if the link looks wrong, it was hiding a gap. · 如果删掉后没什么损失，那就是装饰；如果链接显得不自然，说明它在掩盖漏洞。
Diagnosing your own transitions
- Delete a transition and read the two sentences together.
- If nothing is lost, the transition was decoration.
- If the connection now looks wrong, the transition was papering over a gap that was always there.
诊断你自己的过渡
- 删掉一个过渡,把前后两句连起来读。
- 如果什么也没损失,那这个过渡就是装饰。
- 如果连接现在显得不对,那这个过渡一直是在糊住一道本就存在的缝隙。
Select all · 所有 the transitions that carry a relationship. · 选择所有承载关系的过渡词。
Furthermore announces another sentence and nothing more. · Furthermore 只是引出下一句，并无其他含义。
Match each transition type to the relationship it signals. · 将每种过渡类型与其信号的关系匹配。
Choose the transition from the relationship you actually need to signal. · 从你实际需要表达的关系中选择过渡词。
Transitions that do work
- Concession: the strongest objection to this is, this is true as far as it goes.
- Limitation: even where, in the cases that, to the extent that.
- Consequence: which means, so the comparison the objection needs, the effect of this is.
真正起作用的过渡
- 让步:对此最有力的反对是、就其所及而言这是对的。
- 限定:即使在……之处、在……的那些情形中、就……而言。
- 推论:这意味着、因此这项反对意见所需要的那个比较、其效果是。
"Furthermore, students report dissatisfaction." Delete furthermore and the sentence stands alone with no link to what came before. Replaced: "The same measure that records the saving also records the dissatisfaction it produced" — now the transition carries the relationship.
"此外,学生报告了不满。"删掉"此外",这句话便孤立无依,与前文毫无联系。改为:"记录下这笔节省的那同一项指标,也记录下了它所造成的不满"——此时过渡承载了关系。
Transitional elements create coherence and can introduce evidence or indicate its relationship to other ideas. They may be words, clauses, sentences or whole paragraphs. Test one by deleting it: if nothing is lost it was decoration; if the link now looks wrong it was papering over a gap.
过渡成分创造连贯,并可以引入证据或指出它与其他观念的关系。它们可以是词语、分句、句子,乃至整个段落。检验方法是删掉它:若毫无损失,它就是装饰;若连接此刻显得不对,它就是在糊住一道缝隙。