Reading an Audience · 阅读受众
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| relate to an audience's emotions and values/rɪˈleɪt tʊ ən ˈɔːdɪənsɪz ɪˈməʊʃnz ænd ˈvæljuːz/ | 情感与价值观 | qíng gǎn yǔ jià zhí guān |
| appeals/əˈpiːlz/ | 诉求 | sù qiú |
| modes of persuasion/məʊdz ɒv pəˈsweɪʒn/ | 说服方式 | shuō fú fāng shì |
The same argument fails with a different room
- An argument that persuades one group can leave another unmoved.
- Nothing about the logic changed — the audience did.
- This unit makes the audience the engine of every choice.
A speech about quiet libraries delivered to a marching band may need a new opening.
同样的论证,换一个房间就失效了
- 能说服某一群体的论证,可能让另一群体无动于衷。
- 逻辑本身没有变——变的是受众。
- 本单元把受众当作一切选择的发动机。
对着行进乐队讲安静图书馆的好处，开场白恐怕得重新想。
Perceptions, not facts
- Writers' perceptions of an audience's values, beliefs, needs and background guide the choices they make.
- The word is perceptions — the writer's picture of the audience, which may be wrong.
- That is why an argument can fail: it was aimed at an audience that was not there.
是认知,不是事实
- 写作者对受众之价值、信念、需求与背景的认知,引导着他们所作的选择。
- 关键词是认知——写作者心中的受众图像,而它可能是错的。
- 这正是论证可能失败的原因:它瞄准的是一个并不在场的受众。
The CED says a writer's choices are guided by... · CED指出作者的决策受...引导
It is the writer's picture of the audience, which may be inaccurate — and that is why arguments fail. · 这是作者心中受众的画像，可能并不准确——这也是论证失败的原因。
Reaching emotions and values
- To achieve a purpose, writers make choices that relate to an audience's emotions and values 情感与价值观.
- That is not manipulation by definition — it is what addressing a real reader requires.
- The examinable question is always which value the writer reached for.
触及情感与价值
- 为达成目的,写作者所作的选择意在与受众的情感与价值观(emotions and values)建立联系。
- 这本身并不等于操纵——这是面向真实读者所必需的。
- 可考的问题永远是:写作者伸向的是哪一种价值。
Do not treat pathos as a synonym for "emotional manipulation". The CED says writers make choices to relate to an audience's emotions and values — appealing to what a reader cares about is what addressing a real audience requires, and a scoring answer says which value was reached for.
不要把 pathos 当作"情感操纵"的同义词。CED 说的是写作者所作的选择意在与受众的情感与价值观建立联系——诉诸读者所在意之事,正是面向真实受众所必需的,而能得分的答案会说出所伸向的是哪一种价值。
Which appeal is being used? · 正在使用哪种诉求？
Sort each move by the appeal it makes. · 根据每个修辞手段所依赖的诉求对其进行归类。
Select all · 所有 the modes of persuasion. · 选择所有说服模式。
Syntax is a stylistic feature, not a mode of persuasion. · 句法是风格特征，而非说服模式。
Appealing to an audience's emotions is by definition manipulation. · 诉诸受众情感本质上是一种操纵。
The CED frames it as relating to an audience's emotions and values — what addressing real readers requires. · CED将其界定为关联受众的情感和价值观——这才是真正面向读者所必需的。
Match each appeal to what it reaches for. · 将每种诉求与其指向的目标匹配。
Naming the appeal is a label; naming what it reaches for is the analysis. · 命名诉求是贴标签；命名其指向的目标才是分析。
The appeals
- Arguments persuade or motivate action through appeals 诉求 — the modes of persuasion 说服方式.
- Ethos reaches for trust in the speaker, pathos for what the audience cares about, logos for their judgement of what follows.
- Naming an appeal earns nothing; naming what it reaches for is the analysis.
各种诉求
- 论证通过诉求(appeals)——即说服方式(modes of persuasion)——来说服或促发行动。
- ethos 伸向对说话者的信任,pathos 伸向受众所在意之事,logos 伸向他们对推论是否成立的判断。
- 点出诉求的名称得不到分;点出它伸向什么才是分析。
To find a text's audience, ask what the text ____ you already agree with. · 要找到文本的受众，请思考文本____了你已经认同的内容。
What a text takes for granted describes who it was written for. · 文本理所当然的内容描述了它的目标读者是谁。
Reading a text for its audience
- Ask what the text assumes you already agree with — that assumption describes the audience.
- Ask what it explains and what it takes for granted; the split reveals what the writer thought you knew.
- A text that explains nothing was written for people already inside the conversation.
从文本读出它的受众
- 问这个文本假定你已经同意什么——那个假定描述的就是它的受众。
- 问它解释了什么、又把什么当作理所当然;这条分界揭示了写作者认为你知道些什么。
- 什么都不解释的文本,是写给早已身处这场对话之中的人的。
A text arguing for a school rule explains nothing about how the school works and opens by naming a shared frustration. Both choices describe its audience: people already inside the institution who already share the complaint.
一篇为某条校规辩护的文章对学校如何运作毫无解释,并以点出一种共有的挫败感开篇。这两个选择都描述了它的受众:早已身在该机构之中、并且早已共有这份抱怨的人。
A writer's perceptions of an audience guide every choice. Arguments relate to an audience's emotions and values through appeals — ethos, pathos, logos. To find the audience in a text, ask what it assumes and what it bothers to explain.
写作者对受众的认知引导着一切选择。论证通过诉求——ethos、pathos、logos——与受众的情感与价值观建立联系。要在文本中找出受众,就问它假定了什么、又肯花力气解释什么。