Introduction to Acids and Bases · 酸碱简介
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| conjugate acid/ˈkɒndʒuːɡeɪt ˈæsɪd/ | 共轭酸 | gòng è suān |
| conjugate base/ˈkɒndʒuːɡeɪt beɪs/ | 共轭碱 | gòng è jiǎn |
Partners in a proton swap
- When one molecule gives up a proton, another must catch it.
- The giver and its leftover form a linked pair.
- Even pure water quietly trades protons with itself.
- These partnerships are the heart of the topic.
质子交换中的搭档
- 当一个分子放出一个质子时,另一个必须接住它。
- 给出者和它剩下的部分组成一对相连的搭档。
- 就连纯水也悄悄地与自己交换质子。
- 这些搭档关系是本主题的核心。
Conjugate acid-base pairs
- An acid donates a proton and becomes its conjugate base 共轭碱.
- A base accepts a proton and becomes its conjugate acid 共轭酸.
- They differ by exactly one $\text{H}^+$.
共轭酸碱对
- 酸给出一个质子,变成它的共轭碱。
- 碱接受一个质子,变成它的共轭酸。
- 它们恰好相差一个 $\text{H}^+$。
A conjugate acid-base pair differs by... · 共轭酸碱对相差...
The acid loses one $\text{H}^+$ to become its conjugate base. · 酸失去一个$\text{H}^+$变成其共轭碱。
Water splits itself
- Water slightly ionizes: $\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightleftharpoons \text{H}^+ + \text{OH}^-$.
- The product $[\text{H}^+][\text{OH}^-] = K_w = 1.0\times10^{-14}$ at 25 degrees.
- This links acidity and basicity.
水自己分裂
- 水轻微电离:$\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightleftharpoons \text{H}^+ + \text{OH}^-$。
- 在 25 度时,乘积 $[\text{H}^+][\text{OH}^-] = K_w = 1.0\times10^{-14}$。
- 这把酸性和碱性联系起来。
At 25 degrees, the product $[\text{H}^+][\text{OH}^-]$ equals... · 在25度时，乘积$[\text{H}^+][\text{OH}^-]$等于...
This product is $K_w = 1.0\times10^{-14}$. · 此乘积是$K_w = 1.0\times10^{-14}$。
Which side wins
- Neutral means $[\text{H}^+] = [\text{OH}^-]$.
- Acidic means more $\text{H}^+$; basic means more $\text{OH}^-$.
- Because of $K_w$, raising one lowers the other.
哪一边获胜
- 中性意味着 $[\text{H}^+] = [\text{OH}^-]$。
- 酸性意味着更多 $\text{H}^+$;碱性意味着更多 $\text{OH}^-$。
- 由于 $K_w$,提高一个就降低另一个。
Acid or base? · 酸还是碱？
Sort each species by whether it donates or accepts a proton. · 按给出质子或接受质子的能力对每种物种排序。
A neutral solution has... · 中性溶液具有...
Equal $\text{H}^+$ and $\text{OH}^-$ means neutral. · 相等的$\text{H}^+$和$\text{OH}^-$意味着中性。
Increasing $[\text{H}^+]$ decreases $[\text{OH}^-]$. · 增加$[\text{H}^+]$会减少$[\text{OH}^-]$。
Their product is fixed at $K_w$, so they trade off. · 它们的乘积固定在$K_w$，因此相互制约。
If $[\text{H}^+] = 1.0\times10^{-3}$, what is $[\text{OH}^-]$?
- $[\text{OH}^-] = K_w / [\text{H}^+] = 10^{-14}/10^{-3}$.
- $[\text{OH}^-] = 1.0\times10^{-11}\ \text{M}$, so the solution is acidic.
若 $[\text{H}^+] = 1.0\times10^{-3}$,$[\text{OH}^-]$ 是多少?
- $[\text{OH}^-] = K_w / [\text{H}^+] = 10^{-14}/10^{-3}$。
- $[\text{OH}^-] = 1.0\times10^{-11}\ \text{M}$,所以溶液是酸性的。
If $[\text{H}^+] = 1.0\times10^{-4}$, find $[\text{OH}^-]$. Enter the exponent (a negative number). · 若$[\text{H}^+] = 1.0\times10^{-4}$，求$[\text{OH}^-]$。输入指数（负数）。
$[\text{OH}^-] = 10^{-14}/10^{-4} = 10^{-10}$.
A strong acid has a ____ conjugate base. · 强酸具有____共轭碱。
Strong acids give up protons fully, leaving a very weak conjugate base. · 强酸完全释放质子，留下极弱的共轭碱。
A conjugate pair differs by one proton -- $\text{HCl}/\text{Cl}^-$, not $\text{HCl}/\text{OH}^-$. The product $[\text{H}^+][\text{OH}^-]$ always equals $K_w$, so they trade off: more acid means less hydroxide. And a strong acid has a weak conjugate base, and vice versa.
共轭对相差一个质子——$\text{HCl}/\text{Cl}^-$,而不是 $\text{HCl}/\text{OH}^-$。乘积 $[\text{H}^+][\text{OH}^-]$ 始终等于 $K_w$,所以它们此消彼长:酸越多,氢氧根越少。而且强酸有弱的共轭碱,反之亦然。
An acid and its conjugate base, or a base and its conjugate acid, differ by one proton. Water self-ionizes so that $[\text{H}^+][\text{OH}^-] = K_w = 10^{-14}$, linking acidity and basicity: raising $[\text{H}^+]$ lowers $[\text{OH}^-]$, and vice versa.
酸和它的共轭碱,或碱和它的共轭酸,相差一个质子。水自电离,使 $[\text{H}^+][\text{OH}^-] = K_w = 10^{-14}$,把酸性和碱性联系起来:提高 $[\text{H}^+]$ 就降低 $[\text{OH}^-]$,反之亦然。