Disruptions in Ecosystems · 生态系统的干扰
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| disruption/dɪsˈrʌpʃn/ | 干扰 | gān rǎo |
| invasive species/ɪnˈveɪsɪv ˈspiːsiːz/ | 入侵物种 | rù qīn wù zhǒng |
| succession/səkˈseʃn/ | 演替 | yǎn tì |
When the balance is upset
- An ecosystem in balance can be thrown off by a sudden event.
- A fire, a flood, or a bulldozer can change everything.
- Some disturbances are natural; some are caused by people.
- How an ecosystem copes depends on the disturbance and its own resilience.
当平衡被打破
- 一个处于平衡的生态系统可能被一个突然的事件打乱。
- 一场火、一场洪水或一台推土机能改变一切。
- 有些干扰是自然的;有些是由人造成的。
- 一个生态系统如何应对,取决于干扰以及它自身的韧性。
Natural disruptions
- A disruption 干扰 is an event that disturbs a community and its environment.
- Fires, storms, floods, and disease are natural disruptions.
- Many have happened for millions of years, and ecosystems are used to them.
- Life often recovers once the disturbance passes.
自然干扰
- 一个干扰(disruption)是一个扰乱群落和它的环境的事件。
- 火、风暴、洪水和疾病是自然的干扰。
- 许多已经发生了数百万年,生态系统对它们已经习惯。
- 一旦干扰过去,生命常常能恢复。
A disruption to an ecosystem is… · 一个生态系统的干扰是……
A disruption is an event — natural or human — that disturbs an ecosystem's balance. · 干扰是一个事件——自然的或人为的——它扰乱一个生态系统的平衡。
Human disruptions
- People disturb ecosystems by clearing habitats, polluting, and overhunting.
- We also move species around, creating invasive species 入侵物种.
- An invasive species can outcompete or eat the natives, wrecking the community.
- Human disruptions are often faster and larger than natural ones.
人为干扰
- 人们通过清除栖息地、污染和过度捕猎来扰乱生态系统。
- 我们还到处搬运物种,制造出入侵物种(invasive species)。
- 一个入侵物种能在竞争中胜过或吃掉本地物种,摧毁群落。
- 人为干扰往往比自然的更快、更大。
An invasive species is one that… · 一个入侵物种是……的物种。
An invasive species is brought to a new place and spreads, outcompeting or eating the natives. · 入侵物种被带到一个新地方并扩散,在竞争中胜过或吃掉本地物种。
Recovery: succession
- After a disturbance, a community can slowly rebuild itself.
- This gradual recovery is called succession 演替.
- Pioneer species arrive first, then more and more, until the community is restored.
- A resilient ecosystem can recover — but only if the damage is not too severe.
恢复:演替
- 在一次干扰之后,一个群落能慢慢地重建自己。
- 这种逐渐的恢复叫做演替(succession)。
- 先锋物种最先到达,然后越来越多,直到群落被恢复。
- 一个有韧性的生态系统能恢复——但只有在破坏不太严重时。
Natural or human disruption? · 自然还是人为干扰?
Sort each disturbance by whether it is a natural event or caused by humans. · 按照每个干扰是自然事件还是由人类造成,给它们分类。
The gradual recovery of a community after a disturbance is called . · 一个群落在干扰后逐渐恢复叫做。
In succession, species return step by step, slowly rebuilding the community after a disturbance. · 在演替中,物种一步步回归,在干扰后慢慢重建群落。
Many ecosystems can recover from a natural disturbance over time. · 许多生态系统能随时间从自然干扰中恢复。
After a natural disturbance, succession often rebuilds the community — though severe human damage can be too much. · 在自然干扰后,演替常常重建群落——尽管严重的人为破坏可能过度。
Select all · 所有 true statements about disruptions. · 选出关于干扰的所有正确说法。
Many disturbances are recoverable through succession. The other three are correct. · 许多干扰能通过演替恢复。其余三条正确。
Not all disruptions are equal. Ecosystems evolved with natural ones (like fire) and often recover through succession. But human disruptions can be too fast, too large, or permanent — a paved-over wetland or an extinct species may never come back. Resilience has limits.
不是所有的干扰都一样。生态系统是与自然干扰(比如火)一同进化的,常常能通过演替恢复。但人为干扰可能太快、太大或永久——一片被铺平的湿地或一个灭绝的物种,可能永远回不来。韧性有极限。
An invasive species runs wild:
- Cane toads were brought to Australia to control beetles.
- With no natural predators, they spread out of control.
- They poison the native animals that try to eat them — a human-caused disruption that still harms ecosystems today.
一个入侵物种失控:
- 甘蔗蟾蜍被带到澳大利亚以控制甲虫。
- 由于没有天敌,它们失控地扩散。
- 它们毒死试图吃它们的本地动物——一个至今仍在伤害生态系统的人为干扰。
A disruption disturbs an ecosystem — naturally (fire, storm, disease) or through humans (pollution, habitat loss, invasive species). Ecosystems can often recover through succession, gradually rebuilding the community. But severe or permanent human damage can push an ecosystem past its ability to recover.
一个干扰扰乱一个生态系统——自然地(火、风暴、疾病)或通过人类(污染、栖息地丧失、入侵物种)。生态系统常常能通过演替恢复,逐渐重建群落。但严重或永久的人为破坏,能把一个生态系统推过它恢复的能力。