Community Ecology · 群落生态学
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| community/kəˈmjuːnɪti/ | 群落 | qún luò |
| food web/fuːd web/ | 食物网 | shí wù wǎng |
| predation/prɪˈdeɪʃn/ | 捕食 | bǔ shí |
| competition/ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/ | 竞争 | jìng zhēng |
| mutualism/ˈmjuːtʃuːəlɪzəm/ | 互利共生 | hù lì gòng shēng |
| parasitism/ˈpærəsɪtɪzəm/ | 寄生 | jì shēng |
Species living together
- No species lives alone — each shares its home with many others.
- They hunt, compete, help, and depend on one another.
- All these species and their interactions form a community.
- Community ecology studies how they fit together.
物种生活在一起
- 没有物种独自生活——每一个都与许多其他物种共享它的家。
- 它们捕猎、竞争、帮助、彼此依赖。
- 所有这些物种和它们的相互作用构成一个群落。
- 群落生态学研究它们如何相互配合。
Communities and food webs
- A community 群落 is all the different species living and interacting in an area.
- Their feeding links form a food web 食物网 — many food chains joined together.
- One animal may eat several kinds of prey and be eaten by several predators.
- So the web connects nearly every species in the community.
群落与食物网
- 一个群落(community)是生活并相互作用在一个区域里的所有不同物种。
- 它们的摄食联系构成一张食物网(food web)——许多食物链连在一起。
- 一只动物可能吃好几种猎物,又被好几种捕食者吃掉。
- 所以这张网连接着群落里几乎每一个物种。
A community in ecology is… · 生态学中的群落是……
A community is all the interacting populations of different species sharing an area. · 群落是共享一个区域的所有相互作用的不同物种的种群。
A food web is best described as… · 食物网最好被描述为……
A food web links many food chains, showing the many feeding relationships in a community. · 食物网把许多食物链连起来,展示一个群落里众多的摄食关系。
Predation and competition
- In predation 捕食, one species hunts and eats another.
- Predators keep prey numbers in check, and prey shape predator numbers.
- In competition 竞争, two species need the same limited resource.
- The better competitor gets more of the food, space, or light.
捕食与竞争
- 在捕食(predation)中,一个物种捕猎并吃掉另一个。
- 捕食者约束猎物的数量,而猎物塑造捕食者的数量。
- 在竞争(competition)中,两个物种需要同一种有限的资源。
- 更好的竞争者得到更多的食物、空间或光。
The interaction where one species hunts and eats another is called . · 一个物种捕猎并吃掉另一个的相互作用叫做。
In predation, a predator hunts and eats its prey. · 在捕食中,一个捕食者捕猎并吃掉它的猎物。
Living together: symbiosis
- Some species live in close partnership, called symbiosis.
- In mutualism 互利共生, both species benefit — like a bee and a flower.
- In parasitism 寄生, one benefits while the other is harmed — like a tick on a dog.
- These close relationships shape how the whole community works.
生活在一起:共生
- 有些物种生活在密切的伙伴关系中,叫做共生。
- 在互利共生(mutualism)中,两个物种都受益——像一只蜜蜂和一朵花。
- 在寄生(parasitism)中,一方受益而另一方受害——像狗身上的一只蜱虫。
- 这些密切的关系塑造着整个群落如何运作。
Name the interaction · 说出这个相互作用
Sort each relationship between species by the type of interaction it is. · 按照物种之间关系的相互作用类型,给它们分类。
In mutualism, both species benefit from the relationship. · 在互利共生中,两个物种都从这种关系中获益。
In mutualism both partners gain — like a bee getting nectar while pollinating a flower. · 在互利共生中双方都受益——像一只蜜蜂在给花授粉的同时获得花蜜。
Select all · 所有 true statements about communities. · 选出关于群落的所有正确说法。
A community is defined by its interactions, so species definitely interact. The other three are correct. · 群落由它的相互作用定义,所以物种一定相互作用。其余三条正确。
A food web is deeply interconnected, so removing one species can ripple through many others. Take away a top predator and its prey may explode in number, then overgraze the plants. In a community, no species stands alone.
食物网是深度互联的,所以移除一个物种能在许多其他物种中引起连锁反应。拿走一个顶级捕食者,它的猎物数量可能爆发,然后过度啃食植物。在一个群落里,没有物种是孤立的。
Removing the predator:
- In a lake, a predator fish keeps the smaller fish in check.
- Remove the predator, and the smaller fish multiply out of control.
- They eat too much of the plankton, and the whole web is thrown off balance — one change, many effects.
移除捕食者:
- 在一个湖里,一种捕食鱼约束着较小的鱼。
- 移除这个捕食者,较小的鱼就失控地繁殖。
- 它们吃掉太多浮游生物,整张网被打破平衡——一个改变,许多影响。
A community is all the species interacting in an area, connected by a food web of many food chains. Species interact through predation (one eats another), competition (both need a resource), and symbiosis — mutualism (both benefit) and parasitism (one benefits, one is harmed). Removing one species can affect many.
群落是在一个区域里相互作用的所有物种,由一张许多食物链组成的食物网连接。物种通过捕食(一个吃另一个)、竞争(两者都需要一种资源)和共生——互利共生(双方受益)和寄生(一方受益、一方受害)——相互作用。移除一个物种能影响许多。