Environmental Effects on Phenotype · 环境对表型的影响
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| environment/enˈvaɪrənmənt/ | 环境 | huán jìng |
| phenotype/ˈfenətaɪp/ | 表型 | biǎo xíng |
| genotype/ˈdʒenətaɪp/ | 基因型 | jī yīn xíng |
Genes are not the whole story
- Your genes set out a plan, but the world you grow up in shapes the result.
- Two organisms with the same genes can end up looking different.
- Sunlight, food, and temperature all leave their mark.
- The final appearance comes from genes and environment together.
基因不是全部
- 你的基因铺开一份计划,但你成长的世界塑造着结果。
- 两个有相同基因的生物,最终可能看起来不同。
- 阳光、食物和温度都会留下它们的印记。
- 最终的外观来自基因和环境的共同作用。
Phenotype = genotype + environment
- The phenotype 表型 is the trait you can actually see.
- It comes from the genotype 基因型 (the genes) plus the surroundings.
- Genes may set a range of possible outcomes.
- The environment 环境 then decides where within that range you land.
表型 = 基因型 + 环境
- 表型(phenotype)是你真正能看到的性状。
- 它来自基因型(genotype)加上周围环境。
- 基因可能设定一个可能结果的范围。
- 环境(environment)随后决定你落在那个范围内的哪里。
An organism's phenotype is shaped by… · 一个生物的表型由……塑造。
The phenotype is the result of the genotype and the environment working together. · 表型是基因型和环境共同作用的结果。
Environment leaves its mark
- A suntan is caused by sunlight, not by a change in your genes.
- A plant grown in shade grows tall and spindly, chasing the light.
- Diet, temperature, and stress can all shift a phenotype.
- None of these change the DNA — they change how it is expressed.
环境留下印记
- 晒黑是由阳光引起的,不是由你基因的改变引起的。
- 一株在阴影里长大的植物长得又高又细,追逐着光。
- 饮食、温度和压力都能改变一个表型。
- 这些都不改变 DNA——它们改变 DNA 如何被表达。
A suntan is an example of a trait caused mainly by… · 晒黑是一个主要由……引起的性状的例子。
A suntan comes from sunlight, an environmental effect — not from a change in the genes. · 晒黑来自阳光,一种环境效应——不是来自基因的改变。
Nature and nurture
- Many traits depend on both genes and environment.
- Height is set partly by genes and partly by nutrition.
- This teamwork is often called "nature and nurture".
- Neither alone tells the full story of an organism.
先天与后天
- 许多性状同时取决于基因和环境。
- 身高一部分由基因决定,一部分由营养决定。
- 这种协作常常被称为"先天与后天"。
- 单靠哪一个都讲不完一个生物的完整故事。
Genes, environment, or both? · 基因、环境,还是两者?
Sort each trait by what most shapes it — the genotype, the environment, or a mix of both. · 按照最能塑造每个性状的因素——基因型、环境,还是两者的混合——给它们分类。
Human height depends on both genes and environment (such as nutrition). · 人的身高既取决于基因,也取决于环境(比如营养)。
Genes set a possible range for height; nutrition and health decide where within it you end up. · 基因为身高设定一个可能的范围;营养和健康决定你最终落在其中的哪里。
Identical twins have the same genes but can still differ because of their ____. · 同卵双胞胎有相同的基因,但仍然可能因为他们的____而不同。
Different environments (diet, exercise, sun) give identical twins slightly different phenotypes. · 不同的环境(饮食、运动、阳光)让同卵双胞胎有略微不同的表型。
Select all · 所有 true statements about phenotype. · 选出关于表型的所有正确说法。
Genes do not fix every trait — the environment matters too. The other three are correct. · 基因并不固定每个性状——环境也重要。其余三条正确。
Identical twins share all their genes, yet they are never exactly alike. Different diets, injuries, and sun exposure give them slightly different phenotypes. Same genotype does not guarantee the same phenotype — the environment always has its say.
同卵双胞胎共享所有基因,然而他们从不完全相同。不同的饮食、受伤和阳光照射给他们略微不同的表型。相同的基因型不保证相同的表型——环境总是有它的话语权。
A hydrangea's colour depends on the soil:
- The same hydrangea plant can bloom blue or pink.
- Acidic soil turns the flowers blue; alkaline soil turns them pink.
- The genes did not change — the soil (the environment) shaped the phenotype.
绣球花的颜色取决于土壤:
- 同一株绣球花能开出蓝色或粉色。
- 酸性土壤让花变蓝;碱性土壤让它们变粉。
- 基因没有改变——土壤(环境)塑造了表型。
An organism's phenotype is shaped by its genotype and its environment together. Genes often set a range of possibilities, and factors like sunlight, food, and temperature decide the outcome. That is why identical genes can still give different phenotypes — nature and nurture both matter.
一个生物的表型由它的基因型和它的环境共同塑造。基因常常设定一个可能性的范围,而阳光、食物和温度这些因素决定结果。这就是为什么相同的基因仍能给出不同的表型——先天和后天都重要。