Tonicity and Osmoregulation · 渗透压与渗透调节
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| osmosis/ɒzˈməʊsɪs/ | 渗透 | shèn tòu |
| hypertonic/ˌhaɪpəˈtɒnɪk/ | 高渗的 | gāo shèn de |
| hypotonic/ˌhaɪpəʊˈtɒnɪk/ | 低渗的 | dī shèn de |
| isotonic/ˌaɪsəˈtɒnɪk/ | 等渗的 | děng shèn de |
| osmoregulation/ˌɒzmɔːɡjʊˈleɪʃn/ | 渗透调节 | shèn tòu tiáo jié |
Water on the move
- Cells sit in watery surroundings, and water crosses the membrane constantly.
- Too much water in and a cell swells; too much out and it shrivels.
- Which way water moves depends on what is dissolved on each side.
- Getting this balance right is a matter of life and death for a cell.
移动中的水
- 细胞待在含水的环境里,水不断地穿过膜。
- 进来的水太多,细胞就膨胀;出去的太多,它就皱缩。
- 水往哪个方向移动,取决于每一侧溶解了什么。
- 把这个平衡弄对,对细胞来说是生死攸关的事。
Osmosis: water follows solute
- Osmosis 渗透 is the diffusion of water across a membrane.
- Water moves toward the side with more dissolved solute.
- The membrane lets water through but blocks most of the solute.
- So water flows to even out the concentrations.
渗透:水跟着溶质走
- 渗透(osmosis)是水跨过膜的扩散。
- 水朝着溶解溶质更多的一侧移动。
- 膜让水通过,却挡住大部分溶质。
- 所以水流动,把浓度拉平。
Osmosis · 渗透 is the movement of… · 渗透是……的移动。
Osmosis · 渗透 is the diffusion of water across a membrane, from a dilute to a more concentrated solution. · 渗透是水跨过膜的扩散,从稀溶液到更浓的溶液。
Three kinds of surroundings
- Hypertonic 高渗的: more solute outside — water leaves, the cell shrinks.
- Hypotonic 低渗的: less solute outside — water enters, the cell swells.
- Isotonic 等渗的: solute equal both sides — no net water movement.
- Tonicity simply describes the outside compared with the cell.
三种环境
- 高渗(hypertonic):外面溶质更多——水离开,细胞皱缩。
- 低渗(hypotonic):外面溶质更少——水进入,细胞膨胀。
- 等渗(isotonic):两侧溶质相等——没有净水移动。
- 张力只是描述外面与细胞相比的情况。
Osmosis and tonicity · 渗透与张力
Set the outside solute concentration and watch which way water moves — toward the more concentrated side. · 设置外面的溶质浓度,看水往哪个方向移动——朝着更浓的一侧。
A cell placed in a hypertonic solution (more solute outside) will… · 放进高渗溶液(外面溶质更多)的细胞会……
In a · 在 hypertonic solution water leaves the cell (toward the higher solute), so the cell shrinks. · 在高渗溶液里,水离开细胞(朝向更高的溶质),所以细胞皱缩。
In a · 在 hypotonic solution (less solute outside), a cell gains water and may burst. · 在低渗溶液(外面溶质更少)里,细胞吸水,可能胀破。
Water enters toward the higher solute inside, so the cell swells and an animal cell may burst. · 水朝里面更高的溶质进入,所以细胞膨胀,动物细胞可能胀破。
When the solute is equal inside and out, with no net water movement, the solution is ____. · 当内外溶质相等、没有净水移动时,溶液是 ____。
In an · 在 isotonic solution the concentrations match, so there is no net osmosis. · 在等渗溶液里浓度相等,所以没有净渗透。
Osmoregulation
- Osmoregulation 渗透调节 is how an organism controls its water balance.
- Your kidneys adjust how much water they keep or release.
- A freshwater fish constantly pumps out the water flooding in.
- Without this control, cells would swell or shrink out of action.
渗透调节
- 渗透调节(osmoregulation)是生物控制它水平衡的方式。
- 你的肾脏调节它们保留或释放多少水。
- 一条淡水鱼不断地把涌入的水泵出去。
- 没有这种控制,细胞就会膨胀或皱缩到失去功能。
Select all · 所有 true statements about tonicity. · 选出关于张力的所有正确说法。
Osmosis moves water · 水, not salt. The other three are correct. · 渗透移动的是水,不是盐。其余三条正确。
Water moves toward the side with more solute — that can feel backwards. Think "water follows salt": put a cell in salty (hypertonic) water and it loses water and shrinks, because water flows out toward the saltier side.
水朝着溶质更多的一侧移动——这可能感觉是反的。想成"水跟着盐走":把细胞放进含盐的(高渗)水里,它会失水并皱缩,因为水朝着更咸的一侧流出。
A red blood cell in pure water:
- Pure water is hypotonic — far less solute than inside the cell.
- Water rushes in toward the higher solute inside.
- With no cell wall to stop it, the animal cell swells and bursts.
纯水里的一个红细胞:
- 纯水是低渗的——溶质远比细胞内部少。
- 水朝着里面更高的溶质涌入。
- 没有细胞壁来阻止它,动物细胞就膨胀并胀破。
Osmosis moves water across a membrane toward the more concentrated side. A hypertonic outside shrinks a cell, a hypotonic outside swells it, and an isotonic outside leaves it unchanged. Osmoregulation is how organisms keep their water balance steady.
渗透把水跨膜移向更浓的一侧。高渗的外面让细胞皱缩,低渗的外面让它膨胀,等渗的外面让它保持不变。渗透调节是生物让水平衡保持稳定的方式。