Carbohydrates · 碳水化合物
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| starch/stɑːtʃ/ | 淀粉 | diàn fěn |
| monosaccharide/ˈmɒnəʊsækɑːraɪd/ | 单糖 | dān táng |
| glucose/ˈɡluːkəʊs/ | 葡萄糖 | pú táo táng |
| disaccharide/ˌdɪsəkˈhɑːraɪd/ | 二糖 | èr táng |
| polysaccharide/ˌpɒlɪˈsækɑːraɪd/ | 多糖 | duō táng |
| glycogen/ˈɡlaɪkədʒn/ | 糖原 | táng yuán |
| cellulose/ˈseljuːləʊs/ | 纤维素 | xiān wéi sù |
Sugars and starches
- Carbohydrates are the cell's fast fuel and some of its building material.
- They range from a single sweet sugar to giant storage molecules.
- Bread, fruit, pasta, and plant fibres are all carbohydrates.
- Their size decides whether they give quick energy or long-term storage.
糖和淀粉
- 碳水化合物是细胞的快速燃料,也是它的一部分建筑材料。
- 它们从单个甜甜的糖到巨大的储存分子都有。
- 面包、水果、意面和植物纤维全都是碳水化合物。
- 它们的大小决定了它们提供快速能量还是长期储存。
Monosaccharides: single sugars
- A monosaccharide 单糖 is one sugar unit — the simplest carbohydrate.
- Glucose 葡萄糖 is the most important: the cell's main fuel for respiration.
- Fructose (in fruit) and galactose are other single sugars.
- Most have the formula around $\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6$.
单糖:单个的糖
- 单糖(monosaccharide)是一个糖单元——最简单的碳水化合物。
- 葡萄糖(glucose)最重要:细胞进行呼吸作用的主要燃料。
- 果糖(在水果里)和半乳糖是别的单个糖。
- 大多数的分子式在 $\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6$ 左右。
A monosaccharide is… · 单糖是……
A monosaccharide ("one sugar") is a single sugar unit — glucose and fructose are examples. · 单糖("一个糖")是单个的糖单元——葡萄糖和果糖是例子。
Glucose is the main sugar that cells break down for energy. · 葡萄糖是细胞分解以获取能量的主要糖。
Glucose is the cell's primary fuel — respiration breaks it down to release energy. · 葡萄糖是细胞的主要燃料——呼吸作用把它分解以释放能量。
Disaccharides: two joined
- A disaccharide 二糖 is two monosaccharides joined by condensation.
- Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose.
- Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose.
- One condensation reaction links them and releases water.
二糖:两个连起来
- 二糖(disaccharide)是通过缩合连起来的两个单糖。
- 蔗糖(食糖)= 葡萄糖 + 果糖。
- 乳糖(奶糖)= 葡萄糖 + 半乳糖。
- 一个缩合反应把它们连起来并释放水。
Table sugar, sucrose, is a disaccharide made of glucose and ____. · 食糖(蔗糖)是由葡萄糖和 ____ 组成的二糖。
Sucrose = glucose + fructose, joined by a condensation reaction. · 蔗糖 = 葡萄糖 + 果糖,由缩合反应连接。
Polysaccharides: many joined
- A polysaccharide 多糖 is a long chain of many sugar units.
- Starch 淀粉 stores glucose in plants; glycogen 糖原 stores it in animals.
- Cellulose 纤维素 is a tough polysaccharide that builds plant cell walls.
- Same glucose monomer, different bonds, very different roles.
多糖:许多连起来
- 多糖(polysaccharide)是由许多糖单元连成的长链。
- 淀粉(starch)在植物中储存葡萄糖;糖原(glycogen)在动物中储存它。
- 纤维素(cellulose)是构建植物细胞壁的坚韧多糖。
- 同样的葡萄糖单体,不同的键,非常不同的作用。
Sort the sugars · 给糖分类
Group each carbohydrate by how many sugar units it contains. · 按照含有多少个糖单元,给每种碳水化合物分组。
Which polysaccharide do animals use to store glucose? · 动物用哪种多糖来储存葡萄糖?
Animals store glucose as glycogen (in liver and muscle); plants use starch. · 动物把葡萄糖储存为糖原(在肝脏和肌肉中);植物用淀粉。
Select all · 所有 true statements about carbohydrates. · 选出关于碳水化合物的所有正确说法。
Carbohydrates range from single sugars to huge polymers, so not all are single units. · 碳水化合物从单个糖到巨大的聚合物都有,所以并非都是单个单元。
Starch and cellulose are both chains of glucose, yet you can digest starch and not cellulose. The glucose units are joined by different bonds, and human enzymes can only break the starch type. That is why plant fibre passes through you.
淀粉和纤维素都是葡萄糖的链,可是你能消化淀粉却不能消化纤维素。葡萄糖单元由不同的键连接,而人的酶只能断开淀粉那种。这就是植物纤维会通过你身体的原因。
Glycogen: your body's glucose battery.
- After a meal, spare glucose is joined into glycogen in your liver and muscles.
- Between meals, hydrolysis breaks glycogen back into glucose.
- This keeps your blood glucose steady when you are not eating.
糖原:你身体的葡萄糖电池。
- 一顿饭后,多余的葡萄糖在你的肝脏和肌肉里被连成糖原。
- 两餐之间,水解把糖原重新分解成葡萄糖。
- 这让你不进食时血糖保持稳定。
Carbohydrates are sugars, grouped by size: a monosaccharide is one unit (like glucose), a disaccharide is two, and a polysaccharide is many. Starch and glycogen store glucose; cellulose builds plant walls. Size sets the job — quick fuel or long-term storage.
碳水化合物是糖,按大小分组:单糖是一个单元(比如葡萄糖),二糖是两个,多糖是许多个。淀粉和糖原储存葡萄糖;纤维素构建植物壁。大小决定作用——快速燃料还是长期储存。