Competition and price discrimination · 竞争与价格歧视
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| monopoly/məˈnɒpəli/ | 垄断 | lǒng duàn |
| price discrimination/praɪs dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ | 价格歧视 | jià gé qí shì |
| consumer surplus/kənˈsuːmə ˈsɜːpləs/ | 消费者剩余 | xiāo fèi zhě shèng yú |
| market power/ˈmɑːkɪt ˈpaʊə/ | 市场势力 | shì chǎng shì lì |
| allocatively inefficient/ˈæləkətɪvli ɪnɪˈfɪʃənt/ | 配置无效率 | pèi zhì wú xiào lǜ |
The power of one seller
- A monopolist doesn't take the price — it sets it, by choosing how much to supply. That power can mean fat profits and higher prices.
- But monopolies can also use a clever trick: charging different customers different prices.
一个卖家的力量
- 一个垄断者不接受价格——它设定价格,通过选择供给多少。那种力量能意味着丰厚的利润和更高的价格。
- 但垄断也能用一个聪明的把戏:向不同的顾客收不同的价格。
A profit-maximising monopolist sets output where: · 一个利润最大化的垄断者在以下之处设定产出:
MR = MC gives the profit-maximising quantity; the price comes from demand at that quantity. · MR = MC 给出利润最大化的数量;价格来自该数量处的需求。
The monopolist's choice
- A monopoly 垄断 faces the whole market demand, so to sell more it must lower the price (MR lies below AR).
- It maximises profit where MR = MC, then reads the price up from the demand curve — a higher price and lower output than perfect competition.
The monopolist picks the output where MR = MC, then charges the highest price demand will bear.
垄断者的选择
- 一个垄断(monopoly)面对整个市场需求,所以要卖更多它必须降低价格(MR 位于 AR 之下)。
- 它在 MR = MC 之处最大化利润,然后从需求曲线向上读出价格——比完全竞争更高的价格和更低的产出。
垄断者挑选 MR = MC 之处的产出,然后收需求能承受的最高价格。
Pricing and competition · 定价与竞争
How a firm prices depends on demand and supply; with market power it can charge above the competitive level. · 一个企业如何定价取决于需求和供给;有市场力量时它能收高于竞争水平的价格。
Price discrimination requires all of these EXCEPT: · 价格歧视需要以下所有,除了:
Discrimination means charging different prices; it needs power, separable groups, and no resale. · 歧视意味着收不同的价格;它需要力量、可分隔的群体和没有转售。
Match each type of price discrimination to its example. · 把每种价格歧视类型与它的例子配对。
Third-degree splits by group; first-degree extracts each buyer's full willingness to pay. · 三级按群体分隔;一级提取每个买家完整的支付意愿。
For price discrimination to work, the firm must prevent ______ between the groups. · 为使价格歧视起作用,企业必须阻止群体之间的______。
Otherwise the cheap group resells to the expensive group, collapsing the scheme. · 否则便宜的群体把货转售给昂贵的群体,使这个方案崩溃。
Price discrimination 价格歧视
- Price discrimination = charging different prices to different buyers for the same good (to capture more consumer surplus 消费者剩余).
- It needs market power 市场势力, the ability to separate groups, and to stop resale between them.
- Third-degree discrimination: by group (student/adult tickets); first-degree: each buyer's maximum.
Monopoly isn't all bad. It can fund R&D and reap economies of scale (lower costs). But it tends to be allocatively inefficient 配置无效率 (P > MC) and can exploit consumers.
价格歧视
- 价格歧视(price discrimination)= 为相同的商品向不同的买家收不同的价格(以捕获更多消费者剩余)。
- 它需要市场力量、分隔群体的能力,以及阻止它们之间的转售。
- 三级歧视:按群体(学生/成人票);一级:每个买家的最高价。
垄断不全是坏的。 它能为研发提供资金并收获规模经济(更低的成本)。但它倾向于配置低效(P > MC)且能剥削消费者。
A monopoly is allocatively inefficient because it sets a price above marginal cost (P > MC). · 一个垄断是配置低效的,因为它设定一个高于边际成本的价格(P > MC)。
P > MC means the value of the last unit exceeds its cost — too little is produced. · P > MC 意味着最后一单位的价值超过它的成本——生产得太少。
The costs and benefits of monopoly
- Costs: higher prices, lower output, allocative inefficiency (P > MC).
- Benefits: economies of scale (lower costs) and profits that can fund research and innovation.
垄断的成本与利益
- 成本:更高的价格、更低的产出、配置低效(P > MC)。
- 利益:规模经济(更低的成本)和能为研究和创新提供资金的利润。
You've got it
- a monopoly is a price-maker: set output at MR = MC, price off demand (P > MC)
- this gives higher price, lower output, and possible supernormal profit
- price discrimination charges groups different prices — needs power, separable markets, no resale
你掌握了
- 一个垄断是一个价格制定者:在 MR = MC 设定产出,按需求定价(P > MC)
- 这给出更高的价格、更低的产出和可能的超常利润
- 价格歧视向群体收不同的价格——需要力量、可分隔的市场、没有转售