Rate equations and orders · 速率方程和级数
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| rate equation/reɪt ɪˈkweɪʒn/ | 速率方程 | sù lǜ fāng chéng |
| order/ˈɔːdə/ | 级数 | jí shù |
| overall order/ˌəʊvəˈrɔːl ˈɔːdə/ | 总级数 | zǒng jí shù |
| rate constant/reɪt ˈkɒnstənt/ | 速率常数 | sù lǜ cháng shù |
| initial rate/ɪˈnɪʃl reɪt/ | 初始速率 | chū shǐ sù lǜ |
Putting numbers on rate
- A rate equation 速率方程 shows how the rate depends on the concentrations.
- The order 级数 is the power of each concentration.
- It can only be found by experiment, not from the balanced equation.
给速率定上数
- 一个速率方程(rate equation)显示速率如何取决于浓度。
- 级数(order)是每个浓度的幂。
- 它只能由实验找到,而不是从配平的方程。
The power to which a reactant's concentration is raised in the rate equation is its . · 在速率方程中一个反应物浓度被提升到的幂是它的。
The orders are found experimentally. · 级数由实验找到。
The rate equation
- $m$ and $n$ are the orders (each 0, 1 or 2); the overall order 总级数 is $m + n$.
- $k$ is the rate constant 速率常数.
A gas syringe measures the volume of gas made over time, giving the rate of reaction.
速率方程
- $m$ 和 $n$ 是级数(每个 0、1 或 2);总级数是 $m + n$。
- $k$ 是速率常数(rate constant)。
一个气体注射器测量随时间制造的气体体积,给出反应速率。
Rate equations & orders · 速率方程和级数
[A] = [A]₀·bᵗ
A first-order reaction decays exponentially — equal half-lives. · 一个一级反应指数地衰减——相等的半衰期。
The rate equation of a reaction: · 一个反应的速率方程:
Orders must be measured experimentally; they cannot be deduced from the stoichiometric equation. · 级数必须由实验测量;它们不能从化学计量方程推断。
The overall order of a reaction is: · 一个反应的总级数是:
Add the orders with respect to each reactant to get the overall order. · 把关于每个反应物的级数相加得到总级数。
Match each kinetics term. · 匹配每个动力学术语。
Each item links the term to its correct meaning. · 每一项把术语链接到它正确的含义。
Finding the order
- initial rates 初始速率: change one concentration at a time. Double $[\text{A}]$ → rate ×2 = first order; rate ×4 = second; rate unchanged = zero.
- graphs: a rate–concentration graph is flat (zero), a straight line through the origin (first), or an upward curve (second).
找级数
- 初始速率:一次改变一个浓度。$[\text{A}]$ 加倍 → 速率 ×2 = 一级;速率 ×4 = 二级;速率不变 = 零级。
- 图:一个速率–浓度图是平的(零级),一条过原点的直线(一级),或一条向上的曲线(二级)。
If doubling [A] doubles the rate, the order with respect to A is: · 如果 [A] 加倍使速率加倍,关于 A 的级数是:
Rate ∝ [A]¹, so doubling [A] doubles the rate — first order. · 速率 ∝ [A]¹,所以 [A] 加倍使速率加倍——一级。
A rate–concentration graph that is a straight line through the origin shows: · 一个过原点的直线的速率–浓度图显示:
First order gives a straight line through the origin; zero order is flat; second order is a curve. · 一级给出一条过原点的直线;零级是平的;二级是一条曲线。
Orders come from experiment
- You cannot read reaction orders from the balanced equation — they are found by experiment.
- The overall order is the sum of the individual orders.
Rate against concentration for zero, first and second order
级数来自实验
- 你不能从配平的方程读出反应级数——它们由实验找到。
- 总级数是各个级数的和。
零级、一级和二级的速率对浓度
You've got it
- $\text{rate} = k[\text{A}]^m[\text{B}]^n$; overall order $= m + n$; found only by experiment
- initial rates: double a concentration — rate ×2 (1st), ×4 (2nd), unchanged (0)
- rate–concentration graph: flat (0), line through origin (1st), curve (2nd)
你掌握了
- $\text{rate} = k[\text{A}]^m[\text{B}]^n$;总级数 $= m + n$;只由实验找到
- 初始速率:把一个浓度加倍——速率 ×2(一级)、×4(二级)、不变(0)
- 速率–浓度图:平(0)、过原点的线(一级)、曲线(二级)