Economies and diseconomies of scale · 规模经济与规模不经济
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| output/ˈaʊtpʊt/ | 产出 | chǎn chū |
| average cost/ˈævrɪdʒ kɒst/ | 平均成本 | píng jūn chéng běn |
| per unit/pɜː ˈjuːnɪt/ | 每单位 | měi dān wèi |
| economies of scale/ɪˈkɒnəmiz ɒv skeɪl/ | 规模经济 | guī mó jīng jì |
| optimal/ˈɒptɪml/ | 最优的 | zuì yōu de |
| diseconomies of scale/ˌdɪsɪˈkɒnəmiz ɒv skeɪl/ | 规模不经济 | guī mó bù jīng jì |
| purchasing/ˈpɜːtʃɪsɪŋ/ | 采购 | cǎi gòu |
| bulk-buying/bʌlk ˈbaɪɪŋ/ | 批量采购 | pī liàng cǎi gòu |
| coordination/kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪʃn/ | 协调 | xié tiáo |
| motivation/ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃn/ | 激励 | jī lì |
Why bigger can be cheaper
- A bakery making 10,000 loaves can buy flour far more cheaply per bag than one making 100.
- As output 产出 grows, the average cost 平均成本 per unit 每单位 often falls — the power of economies of scale 规模经济.
为什么更大能更便宜
- 一家制造 10,000 个面包的面包店每袋面粉买得比一家制造 100 个的便宜得多。
- 随着产出增长,每单位平均成本常常下降——规模经济(economies of scale)的力量。
Economies of scale occur when, as output rises: · 规模经济发生在,随着产出上升:
Average (per-unit) cost falls with greater scale. · 平均(每单位)成本随更大的规模下降。
The shape of average cost
- Economies of scale: as output rises, average cost falls.
- Beyond an optimal 最优的 size, diseconomies of scale 规模不经济 set in and average cost rises again.
Average cost falls as the firm grows, reaches a minimum, then rises if it grows too large.
平均成本的形状
- 规模经济:随着产出上升,平均成本下降。
- 超过一个最优规模,规模不经济(diseconomies of scale)开始起作用,平均成本再次上升。
平均成本随企业增长下降,达到一个最低点,然后如果它长得太大就上升。
Economies of scale · 规模经济
y = ax² + bx + c
Average cost · 平均成本 falls then rises — economies, then diseconomies, of scale. · 平均成本先降后升——规模经济,然后规模不经济。
Which are sources of economies of scale? (Select all that apply.) · 哪些是规模经济的来源?(选择所有适用的。)
Poor communication is a diseconomy, not an economy. · 差的沟通是一个不经济,不是一个经济。
Sources of economies of scale
- Purchasing 采购: bulk-buying 批量采购 discounts.
- Technical: large, efficient machines spread over more output.
- Financial: big firms borrow more cheaply.
- Managerial: afford specialist managers.
Average cost per unit falls then rises as a firm grows
规模经济的来源
- 采购(purchasing):批量购买折扣。
- 技术(technical):大型、高效的机器分摊到更多产出上。
- 金融(financial):大企业借款更便宜。
- 管理(managerial):负担得起专业经理。
每单位平均成本随企业增长先下降后上升
Diseconomies of scale cause average cost to: · 规模不经济使平均成本:
Beyond the optimal size, average cost rises again. · 超过最优规模,平均成本再次上升。
When a firm grows so large that average cost rises, it suffers ______ of scale. · 当一个企业长得如此之大以致平均成本上升时,它遭受规模______。
Communication and coordination problems drive diseconomies. · 沟通和协调问题驱动规模不经济。
Diseconomies of scale
- Communication breaks down in large organisations.
- Coordination 协调 gets harder and slower.
- Motivation 激励 falls as workers feel like a small cog.
Economies of scale are about average cost, not total cost. Total cost still rises with output — it's the cost per unit that falls. Don't confuse the two.
规模不经济
- 沟通在大型组织中崩溃。
- 协调变得更难更慢。
- 激励下降,因为工人感觉像一个小齿轮。
规模经济关乎平均成本,不是总成本。 总成本仍随产出上升——下降的是每单位成本。别把两者混淆。
Economies of scale lower the average cost per unit, even though total cost still rises with output. · 规模经济降低每单位平均成本,即使总成本仍随产出上升。
It is per-unit cost that falls, not total cost. · 下降的是每单位成本,不是总成本。
You've got it
- economies of scale: average cost falls as output rises (purchasing, technical, financial, managerial)
- diseconomies of scale: average cost rises if too large (communication, coordination, motivation)
- it is average (per-unit) cost that falls, not total cost
你掌握了
- 规模经济:平均成本随产出上升而下降(采购、技术、金融、管理)
- 规模不经济:如果太大,平均成本上升(沟通、协调、激励)
- 下降的是平均(每单位)成本,不是总成本