Principles and tools of genetic technology · 基因技术的原理与工具
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| genetic engineering/dʒɪˈnetɪk ˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ/ | 基因工程 | jī yīn gōng chéng |
| recombinant DNA/ˌriːˈkɒmbɪnənt ˌdiː en ˈeɪ/ | 重组DNA | chóng zǔ DNA |
| reverse transcriptase/rɪˈvɜːs trænˈskrɪpteɪs/ | 逆转录酶 | nì zhuǎn lù méi |
| plasmid/ˈplæzmɪd/ | 质粒 | zhì lì |
| vector/ˈvektə/ | 媒介 | méi jiè |
| restriction endonuclease/rɪˈstrɪkʃn ˈendəʊnjuːklɪeɪs/ | 限制性内切酶 | xiàn zhì xìng nèi qiè méi |
| sticky ends/ˈstɪki endz/ | 黏性末端 | nián xìng mò duān |
| promoter/prəˈməʊtə/ | 启动子 | qǐ dòng zi |
| marker gene/ˈmɑːkə dʒiːn/ | 标记基因 | biāo jì jī yīn |
| gene editing/dʒiːn ˈedɪtɪŋ/ | 基因编辑 | jī yīn biān jí |
Genetic engineering 基因工程
- Recombinant DNA 重组DNA is DNA joined from two different sources.
- Genetic engineering deliberately changes an organism's genes — often by transferring a gene so it is expressed.
- It uses a clever toolkit of enzymes and carriers.
基因工程
- 重组 DNA(recombinant DNA) 是从 两个不同来源 连接的 DNA。
- 基因工程(genetic engineering) 故意改变一个生物的基因——常通过 转移一个基因 使它被 表达。
- 它使用一套巧妙的酶和载体工具。
Recombinant DNA is: · 重组 DNA 是:
Recombinant DNA combines DNA from two sources — e.g. a human gene joined into a bacterial plasmid. · 重组 DNA 结合来自两个来源的 DNA——例如一个人类基因被连接进一个细菌质粒。
Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from two different sources (e.g. a human gene into a bacterial plasmid). · 重组 DNA 通过把来自两个不同来源的 DNA 连接而制成(例如一个人类基因进入一个细菌质粒)。
Because the genetic code is universal, a human gene works inside a bacterium that takes it up. · 因为遗传密码是通用的,一个人类基因在摄取它的一个细菌内部起作用。
Getting the gene
The gene to transfer can be obtained by:
- cutting it out of a donor's DNA,
- making it from mRNA using reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶,
- building it chemically from nucleotides.
A gene inserted into a plasmid 质粒 vector 媒介 and taken up by a bacterium
获得基因
要转移的基因可以通过以下获得:
- 从一个供体的 DNA 中 切出来,
- 用 逆转录酶(reverse transcriptase) 从 mRNA 制造它,
- 从核苷酸 化学地构建它。
一个基因被插入一个质粒载体并被一个细菌摄取
The tools of genetic technology · 基因技术的工具
Genetic engineering moves a useful gene into another organism so it makes a desired protein. · 基因工程把一个有用的基因移入另一个生物,使它制造一个想要的蛋白质。
Reverse transcriptase is used to: · 逆转录酶用来:
Reverse transcriptase builds a DNA copy from mRNA — one way of obtaining the gene to transfer. · 逆转录酶从 mRNA 构建一个 DNA 拷贝——获得要转移的基因的一种方法。
The tools
| Tool | Role |
|---|---|
| restriction endonuclease 限制性内切酶 | cuts DNA at a specific sequence, leaving sticky ends 黏性末端 |
| DNA ligase | joins DNA pieces together |
| plasmid | a DNA ring used as a vector to carry the gene into a cell |
| reverse transcriptase | makes DNA from an mRNA template |
- A promoter 启动子 (the "switch") must go in too, or the gene stays silent.
- A marker gene 标记基因 (e.g. one that glows) shows the transfer worked.
这些工具
| 工具 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| 限制性内切酶(restriction endonuclease) | 在一个特定序列处切割 DNA,留下 粘性末端(sticky ends) |
| DNA 连接酶(ligase) | 把 DNA 片段连接在一起 |
| 质粒(plasmid) | 一个用作 载体(vector) 把基因带进一个细胞的 DNA 环 |
| 逆转录酶 | 从一个 mRNA 模板制造 DNA |
- 一个 启动子(promoter)(“开关”)也必须放进去,否则基因保持沉默。
- 一个 标记基因(marker gene)(例如一个会 发光 的)显示转移成功了。
Which tool cuts DNA, leaving "sticky ends"? · 哪个工具切割 DNA,留下“粘性末端”?
Restriction enzymes cut at specific sequences leaving sticky ends; ligase then joins matching ends. · 限制酶在特定序列处切割,留下粘性末端;连接酶然后连接匹配的末端。
A plasmid is used in genetic engineering as a: · 一个质粒在基因工程中被用作一个:
The plasmid is a cloning vector: the gene is joined into it and the recombinant plasmid is taken up by a cell. · 质粒是一个克隆载体:基因被连接进它,重组质粒被一个细胞摄取。
A gene that shows (e.g. by glowing) which cells took up the new gene is a ______ gene. · 一个显示(例如通过发光)哪些细胞摄取了新基因的基因是一个 ______ 基因。
A marker gene (e.g. coding for a fluorescent product) reveals which cells were successfully transformed. · 一个标记基因(例如编码一个荧光产物)揭示哪些细胞被成功转化。
Match each tool to its job. · 把每个工具与它的工作配对。
Cut with restriction enzymes, join with ligase, carry with a plasmid vector; reverse transcriptase makes the gene from mRNA. · 用限制酶切割,用连接酶连接,用一个质粒载体携带;逆转录酶从 mRNA 制造基因。
Gene editing 基因编辑
- Gene editing is a precise form of genetic engineering.
- It inserts, deletes or replaces DNA at an exact site in the genome.
基因编辑
- 基因编辑(gene editing) 是基因工程的一种精确形式。
- 它在基因组的一个 精确位点 插入、删除或替换 DNA。
You've got it
- recombinant DNA = DNA joined from two sources; genetic engineering transfers a gene to be expressed
- get the gene by cutting it out, reverse transcriptase (from mRNA), or synthesis
- tools: restriction enzyme (sticky ends), ligase (join), plasmid vector, plus a promoter + marker gene
- gene editing = precise insert/delete/replace at an exact site
你掌握了
- 重组 DNA = 从两个来源连接的 DNA;基因工程 转移一个基因以被 表达
- 通过 切出来、逆转录酶(从 mRNA)或 合成 获得基因
- 工具:限制酶(粘性末端)、连接酶(连接)、质粒载体,加上一个 启动子 + 标记基因
- 基因编辑 = 在一个精确位点精确地插入/删除/替换