Controlling blood glucose · 控制血糖
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| glucagon/ˈɡluːkæɡən/ | 胰高血糖素 | yí gāo xuè táng sù |
| insulin/ˈɪnsjuːlɪn/ | 胰岛素 | yí dǎo sù |
| glycogen/ˈɡlaɪkədʒn/ | 糖原 | táng yuán |
| G-protein/dʒiː ˈprəʊtiːn/ | G蛋白 | G dàn bái |
| second messenger/ˈsekənd ˈmesɪndʒə/ | 第二信使 | dì èr xìn shǐ |
| cyclic AMP/ˈsaɪklɪk ˌeɪ em ˈpiː/ | 环腺苷酸 | huán xiàn gān suān |
| enzyme cascade/ˈenzaɪm kəˈskeɪd/ | 酶级联反应 | méi jí lián fǎn yìng |
| glucose oxidase/ˈɡluːkəʊs ˈɒksɪdeɪs/ | 葡萄糖氧化酶 | pú táo táng yǎng huà méi |
Keeping sugar in check
- Blood glucose is held steady by two hormones working against each other.
- The hormone glucagon 胰高血糖素 also shows how a signal gets into a cell.
- That signalling amplifies a tiny message into a big response.
控制糖
- 血糖由 两种激素 彼此对抗地保持稳定。
- 激素 胰高血糖素(glucagon) 也展示了一个信号如何进入细胞 内部。
- 那个信号传递把一个微小的信息 放大 成一个大的反应。
Insulin 胰岛素 and glucagon
- When glucose is high, insulin makes muscle and liver cells take in glucose and store it as glycogen 糖原 — lowering the level.
- When glucose is low, glucagon makes liver cells break glycogen back into glucose — raising the level.
- Two opposing hormones = negative feedback.
Insulin and glucagon hold blood glucose steady
胰岛素和胰高血糖素
- 当葡萄糖 高 时,胰岛素(insulin) 使肌肉和肝细胞摄入葡萄糖并把它作为 糖原(glycogen) 储存——降低水平。
- 当葡萄糖 低 时,胰高血糖素 使肝细胞把糖原分解回葡萄糖——提高水平。
- 两种对抗的激素 = 负反馈。
胰岛素和胰高血糖素把血糖保持稳定
Controlling blood glucose · 控制血糖
insulin ↓ · glucagon ↑ · 胰岛素 ↓ · 胰高血糖素 ↑
Drag the disturbance. High glucose → insulin lowers it; low glucose → glucagon raises it, back to ~90 mg/dl. · 拖动扰动。高葡萄糖 → 胰岛素 降低它;低葡萄糖 → 胰高血糖素 提高它,回到约 90 mg/dl。
When blood glucose is high, insulin: · 当血糖高时,胰岛素:
Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake and storage as glycogen. · 胰岛素通过促进摄入和作为糖原储存来降低血糖。
When blood glucose is low, glucagon: · 当血糖低时,胰高血糖素:
Glucagon raises blood glucose by breaking down glycogen into glucose in the liver. · 胰高血糖素通过在肝脏中把糖原分解成葡萄糖来提高血糖。
Match each situation to the hormone and its effect. · 把每种情况与激素及它的影响配对。
Two opposing hormones from the pancreas hold glucose steady: insulin down, glucagon up. · 来自胰腺的两种对抗的激素把葡萄糖保持稳定:胰岛素降,胰高血糖素升。
The hormone that LOWERS blood glucose, by making cells store it as glycogen, is ______. · 通过使细胞把血糖作为糖原储存而降低血糖的激素是 ______。
Insulin lowers blood glucose; its opposite, glucagon, raises it. · 胰岛素降低血糖;它的对立面,胰高血糖素,提高它。
The glucagon cascade (cell signalling)
- glucagon binds a receptor on the liver cell, changing its shape.
- this activates a G-protein G蛋白, which switches on adenylyl cyclase.
- adenylyl cyclase makes a second messenger 第二信使, cyclic AMP 环腺苷酸 (cAMP).
- cAMP activates protein kinase A, starting an enzyme cascade 酶级联反应 (each enzyme switches on the next).
- because each step activates many, the signal is greatly amplified.
- the final enzyme breaks glycogen into glucose.
Glucagon triggers a cAMP cascade that amplifies the signal
胰高血糖素级联(细胞信号传递)
- 胰高血糖素结合肝细胞上的一个受体,改变它的形状。
- 这激活一个 G 蛋白(G-protein),它开启 腺苷酸环化酶(adenylyl cyclase)。
- 腺苷酸环化酶制造一个 第二信使(second messenger),环磷酸腺苷(cyclic AMP,cAMP)。
- cAMP 激活 蛋白激酶 A(protein kinase A),开始一个 酶级联(enzyme cascade)(每个酶开启下一个)。
- 因为每一步激活 许多个,信号被大大 放大。
- 最后的酶把 糖原 分解成葡萄糖。
胰高血糖素触发一个放大信号的 cAMP 级联
In the glucagon cascade, the second messenger inside the cell is: · 在胰高血糖素级联中,细胞内部的第二信使是:
Adenylyl cyclase makes cAMP, the second messenger that activates protein kinase A. · 腺苷酸环化酶制造 cAMP,激活蛋白激酶 A 的第二信使。
In an enzyme cascade, each enzyme activates many of the next, so a small signal becomes a large response. · 在一个酶级联中,每个酶激活许多下一个,所以一个小信号变成一个大反应。
This amplification means a few hormone molecules can release a huge amount of glucose. · 这种放大意味着几个激素分子能释放大量的葡萄糖。
Measuring glucose
- Test strips and biosensors use the enzymes glucose oxidase 葡萄糖氧化酶 and peroxidase.
- They react with glucose to give a colour change (or an electrical signal) showing how much is present.
Ultrafiltration keeps blood cells and proteins in the blood
测量葡萄糖
- 试纸 和 生物传感器 使用酶 葡萄糖氧化酶(glucose oxidase) 和 过氧化物酶(peroxidase)。
- 它们与葡萄糖反应给出一个 颜色变化(或一个电信号),显示存在多少。
Glucose test strips and biosensors detect glucose using the enzyme: · 葡萄糖试纸和生物传感器用以下酶检测葡萄糖:
Glucose oxidase (with peroxidase) reacts with glucose to give a colour change or electrical signal. · 葡萄糖氧化酶(连同过氧化物酶)与葡萄糖反应给出一个颜色变化或电信号。
You've got it
- insulin (high glucose) → store as glycogen; glucagon (low glucose) → break glycogen → glucose
- glucagon cascade: receptor → G-protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP (second messenger) → protein kinase A → enzyme cascade
- the cascade amplifies the signal hugely
- glucose measured with glucose oxidase (test strips / biosensors)
你掌握了
- 胰岛素(高葡萄糖)→ 作为 糖原 储存;胰高血糖素(低葡萄糖)→ 分解糖原 → 葡萄糖
- 胰高血糖素级联:受体 → G 蛋白 → 腺苷酸环化酶 → cAMP(第二信使)→ 蛋白激酶 A → 酶级联
- 级联放大 信号巨大地
- 葡萄糖用 葡萄糖氧化酶 测量(试纸 / 生物传感器)