Types of immunity and vaccination · 免疫的类型与疫苗接种
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| vaccine/vækˈsiːn/ | 疫苗 | yì miáo |
| active immunity/ˈæktɪv ɪˈmjuːnɪti/ | 主动免疫 | zhǔ dòng miǎn yì |
| memory cell/ˈmeməri sel/ | 记忆细胞 | jì yì xì bāo |
| passive immunity/ˈpæsɪv ɪˈmjuːnɪti/ | 被动免疫 | bèi dòng miǎn yì |
| herd immunity/hɜːd ɪˈmjuːnɪti/ | 群体免疫 | qún tǐ miǎn yì |
Training the body's defences
- Immunity can be active or passive, and natural or artificial.
- A vaccine 疫苗 gives you immunity without the illness.
- Vaccinate enough people and you protect the whole community.
训练身体的防御
- 免疫可以是 主动的 或 被动的,以及 自然的 或 人工的。
- 一支 疫苗(vaccine) 给你免疫而不生病。
- 给足够多的人接种疫苗,你就保护了整个社区。
A vaccine gives a person which kind of immunity? · 一支疫苗给一个人哪种免疫?
A vaccine makes the body respond itself, so it builds active, long-lasting immunity. · 一支疫苗使身体自己反应,所以它建立主动的、持久的免疫。
Active vs passive
- Active immunity 主动免疫: your own body meets an antigen and makes its own antibodies and memory cells 记忆细胞. Slow to start, but long-lasting.
- Passive immunity 被动免疫: ready-made antibodies are given from outside. Works at once, but does not last (no memory cells).
The four kinds of immunity
主动与被动
- 主动免疫(active immunity):你自己的身体遇到一种抗原并制造自己的 抗体和记忆细胞。开始慢,但 持久。
- 被动免疫(passive immunity):从外部给予 现成的抗体。立即 起作用,但 不持久(没有记忆细胞)。
四种免疫
Passive immunity (ready-made antibodies) acts fast but is short-lived, because no memory cells are made. · 被动免疫(现成的抗体)起作用快但短暂,因为没有制造记忆细胞。
Passive immunity gives instant antibodies but no memory cells, so it wears off; active immunity is slower but lasts. · 被动免疫给出即时的抗体但没有记忆细胞,所以它会消退;主动免疫更慢但持久。
Natural vs artificial
| Natural | Artificial | |
|---|---|---|
| active | after an infection | a vaccine |
| passive | antibodies from mother to baby | injection of ready-made antibodies |
自然与人工
| 自然的 | 人工的 | |
|---|---|---|
| 主动 | 感染之后 | 一支 疫苗 |
| 被动 | 从母亲到婴儿的抗体 | 注射现成的抗体 |
Match each type of immunity to its example. · 把每种免疫类型与它的例子配对。
Active = your own response (infection / vaccine); passive = ready-made antibodies (mother-to-baby / injection). · 主动 = 你自己的反应(感染 / 疫苗);被动 = 现成的抗体(母婴 / 注射)。
Vaccination and herd immunity 群体免疫
- A vaccine contains antigens (a dead/weakened pathogen, or part of one).
- They trigger a primary response and make memory cells — long-term immunity without illness.
- If enough people are vaccinated, the pathogen cannot spread easily — protecting even the unvaccinated. This is herd immunity.
When most of a population is vaccinated, the pathogen can't spread, protecting the few who aren't
疫苗接种和群体免疫
- 一支 疫苗 含有抗原(一个死的/减弱的病原体,或它的一部分)。
- 它们触发一个 初次反应 并制造 记忆细胞——长期免疫而 不 生病。
- 如果 足够多 的人接种了疫苗,病原体就不能轻易传播——甚至保护未接种的人。这是 群体免疫(herd immunity)。
当一个群体的大多数被接种时,病原体无法传播,保护了未接种的少数
How a vaccine works · 疫苗如何起作用
Step through it. A vaccine triggers a primary response and memory cells, so the real pathogen meets a fast, strong defence. · 一步步走过它。一支疫苗触发一个初次反应和记忆细胞,所以真实的病原体遇到一个快速、强大的防御。
A vaccine gives immunity without illness because it: · 一支疫苗给出免疫而不生病,因为它:
The antigens in a vaccine cause a primary response and memory cells — immunity, but without the disease. · 疫苗中的抗原引起一个初次反应和记忆细胞——免疫,但没有疾病。
Put how a vaccine protects you in order. · 把一支疫苗如何保护你按顺序排列。
The vaccine trains the immune system in advance, so the real infection is destroyed quickly. · 疫苗提前训练免疫系统,所以真实的感染被快速摧毁。
Herd immunity protects unvaccinated people because: · 群体免疫保护未接种疫苗的人,因为:
With enough of the population immune, the pathogen has too few hosts to spread, protecting everyone. · 当足够多的人口免疫时,病原体的宿主太少而无法传播,保护每个人。
When enough of a population is vaccinated that the pathogen cannot spread, the unvaccinated are protected by ______ immunity. · 当一个人口中足够多的人接种疫苗以致病原体无法传播时,未接种的人受到 ______ 免疫的保护。
Herd immunity protects those who cannot be vaccinated (e.g. babies, the ill) by stopping the pathogen spreading. · 群体免疫通过阻止病原体传播来保护那些不能接种疫苗的人(例如婴儿、病人)。
You've got it
- active = your own antibodies + memory cells (slow, lasting); passive = ready-made antibodies (fast, short)
- natural (infection / mother-to-baby) vs artificial (vaccine / injection)
- a vaccine = antigens → memory cells → immunity without illness
- herd immunity: enough vaccinated → pathogen can't spread → protects everyone
你掌握了
- 主动 = 你自己的抗体 + 记忆细胞(慢,持久);被动 = 现成的抗体(快,短暂)
- 自然(感染 / 母婴)对 人工(疫苗 / 注射)
- 一支 疫苗 = 抗原 → 记忆细胞 → 免疫而 不 生病
- 群体免疫:足够多的人接种 → 病原体不能传播 → 保护每个人