Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance · 抗生素与抗生素抗性
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| antibiotic/ˌæntɪbaɪˈɒtɪk/ | 抗生素 | kàng shēng sù |
| resistant/rɪˈzɪstənt/ | 抗药 | kàng yào |
| penicillin/ˌpenɪˈsɪlɪn/ | 青霉素 | qīng méi sù |
| cell wall/sel wɔːl/ | 细胞壁 | xì bāo bì |
| mutation/mjuːˈteɪʃn/ | 突变 | tū biàn |
| natural selection/ˈnætʃərəl sɪˈlekʃn/ | 自然选择 | zì rán xuǎn zé |
The drugs that fight bacteria
- An antibiotic 抗生素 is a drug that kills bacteria or stops them growing.
- They have saved countless lives — but only against bacteria.
- And bacteria are fighting back, by becoming resistant 抗药.
对抗细菌的药物
- 一种 抗生素(antibiotic) 是一种杀死细菌或阻止它们生长的药物。
- 它们拯救了无数生命——但只对 细菌 有效。
- 而且细菌正在反击,通过变得 有抗性(resistant)。
How penicillin 青霉素 works
- Penicillin stops bacteria from building their cell walls 细胞壁.
- As the bacterium grows, its weak wall cannot hold it.
- So the cell takes in water and bursts.
Penicillin stops bacteria building cell walls, so they burst
青霉素如何起作用
- 青霉素(penicillin) 阻止细菌建造它们的 细胞壁。
- 当细菌生长时,它弱的壁无法支撑它。
- 所以细胞吸入水并 胀破。
青霉素阻止细菌建造细胞壁,所以它们胀破
Penicillin kills bacteria by: · 青霉素通过以下杀死细菌:
Penicillin prevents cell-wall synthesis; the growing cell cannot hold the water it absorbs, so it bursts. · 青霉素阻止细胞壁合成;生长中的细胞无法承受它吸收的水,所以它胀破。
Why antibiotics don't beat viruses
- A virus has no cell wall and no chemical reactions of its own to attack.
- It simply uses the machinery of the host cell.
- So there is no antibiotic target in a virus — antibiotics do not work against viral illnesses like colds.
为什么抗生素不能打败病毒
- 一个病毒 没有细胞壁,也 没有自己的化学反应 可攻击。
- 它只是使用宿主细胞的机器。
- 所以病毒中 没有抗生素的靶点——抗生素对像感冒这样的病毒性疾病 不 起作用。
Why do antibiotics not work against viruses? · 为什么抗生素对病毒不起作用?
Antibiotics target bacterial structures/processes; a virus has none of these, using the host cell instead. · 抗生素以细菌的结构/过程为靶点;病毒没有这些,而是使用宿主细胞。
Antibiotic resistance
- A mutation 突变 can make a bacterium resistant — the antibiotic no longer kills it.
- By natural selection 自然选择, the non-resistant bacteria die, the resistant ones survive and multiply, and resistance spreads.
Slowing resistance: only use antibiotics when needed; always finish the full course; use the correct antibiotic; reduce heavy use in farming.
抗生素抗性
- 一个 突变 能使一个细菌 有抗性——抗生素不再杀死它。
- 通过 自然选择,没有抗性的细菌死去,有抗性的存活并繁殖,抗性传播开来。
减缓抗性: 只在需要时使用抗生素;总是完成整个疗程;使用正确的抗生素;减少在农业中的大量使用。
How resistance evolves · 抗性如何演化
Step through natural selection in fast-forward. The antibiotic kills the rest, so only the resistant bacteria are left to breed. · 快进地走过自然选择。抗生素杀死其余的,所以只剩下有抗性的细菌繁殖。
Antibiotic resistance spreads because: · 抗生素抗性传播,因为:
Resistant bacteria (from mutation) survive the antibiotic and reproduce, so resistance spreads by natural selection. · 有抗性的细菌(来自突变)在抗生素中存活并繁殖,所以抗性通过自然选择传播。
Put the evolution of antibiotic resistance in order. · 把抗生素抗性的演化按顺序排列。
Variation → the antibiotic selects → survivors breed → a resistant population. This is natural selection. · 变异 → 抗生素选择 → 幸存者繁殖 → 一个有抗性的群体。这是自然选择。
Antibiotic resistance spreads by natural ______ — resistant bacteria survive and reproduce. · 抗生素抗性通过自然 ______ 传播——有抗性的细菌存活并繁殖。
The antibiotic is the selection pressure; only resistant bacteria survive to pass on their genes. · 抗生素是选择压力;只有有抗性的细菌存活下来传递它们的基因。
Which action helps slow antibiotic resistance? · 哪个行动有助于减缓抗生素抗性?
Finishing the course leaves no survivors; avoiding unnecessary use reduces the selection pressure for resistance. · 完成疗程不留幸存者;避免不必要的使用减少抗性的选择压力。
Antibiotics should be taken to treat a common cold. · 应该服用抗生素来治疗普通感冒。
Colds are caused by viruses, which antibiotics cannot kill — using them needlessly only drives resistance. · 感冒由病毒引起,抗生素不能杀死它们——不必要地使用它们只会推动抗性。
You've got it
- antibiotics kill bacteria — penicillin stops cell wall building, so the cell bursts
- they do not work on viruses (no cell wall, no target — uses host machinery)
- resistance: a mutation + natural selection → resistant bacteria spread
- slow it: only when needed, finish the course, correct drug, less farm use
你掌握了
- 抗生素杀死细菌——青霉素 阻止 细胞壁 建造,所以细胞胀破
- 它们对 病毒 不 起作用(没有细胞壁,没有靶点——使用宿主机器)
- 抗性:一个突变 + 自然选择 → 有抗性的细菌传播
- 减缓它:只在需要时、完成疗程、正确的药物、更少的农场使用