Malware · 恶意软件
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English
Malware = malicious software
- Malware is any program written to harm a computer or steal from it.
- The exam expects you to know the main types and how they differ. Here they are.
中文
恶意软件 = 有害的程序
- **恶意软件(malware)**是任何为了损害计算机或从中窃取信息而编写的程序。
- 考试要求你了解主要类型及它们的区别。下面一一介绍。
English
Spreading types
- Virus — attaches to a file; runs and spreads when you open that file.
- Worm — spreads by itself across a network, with no file to open. The Morris worm was one.
- Trojan horse — pretends to be useful software, but hides something harmful inside.
中文
传播类
- 病毒(virus) —— 附着在某个文件上;当你打开该文件时它就运行并传播。
- 蠕虫(worm) —— 在网络中自行传播,不需要你去打开任何文件。莫里斯蠕虫就是其一。
- 特洛伊木马(Trojan horse) —— 伪装成有用的软件,内部却藏着有害的东西。
English
Stealing and spying types
- Spyware — secretly records what you do, such as the keys you type (your passwords).
- Adware — floods you with adverts; often bundled with free downloads.
中文
窃取与监视类
- 间谍软件(spyware) —— 偷偷记录你的操作,比如你敲下的按键(也就是你的密码)。
- 广告软件(adware) —— 用广告淹没你;常常随免费下载一起被捆绑安装。
English
Holding data hostage
- Ransomware — encrypts your files and demands payment for the key to unlock them.
- It has shut down hospitals and companies. The best defence is backups you can restore from.
Covers: IGCSE 5.3 (Cyber security threats), A-Level 6.1, AP CSP Big Idea 5.
中文
劫持数据类
- 勒索软件(ransomware) —— 加密你的文件,并索要赎金来换取解锁的密钥。
- 它曾让医院和公司陷入瘫痪。最好的防御是可以用来恢复的备份。
涵盖:IGCSE 5.3(网络安全威胁)、A-Level 6.1、AP CSP Big Idea 5。
English
Now you try
- First, read three behaviours and name the malware type each one describes.
- Then play defender: ransomware has struck, and you must count how many files your backup can restore.
中文
现在你来试
- 先读三段行为描述,说出每段描述的是哪种恶意软件。
- 然后扮演防御者:勒索软件来袭,数一数你的备份能恢复多少个文件。
English
Common mistakes
- A virus needs a host file to spread; a worm spreads by itself across a network.
- A Trojan hides inside useful-looking software.
中文
常见错误
- 病毒需要宿主文件才能传播;蠕虫能自己在网络上扩散。
- 木马藏在看起来有用的软件里。
Name the malware. Read each behaviour and set the variable to virus, worm or · 或 trojan. · 说出恶意软件的名字。读每段行为描述,把变量设为 virus、worm 或 trojan。
Click Run to see the output here. · 点击“运行”查看此处输出。
Ransomware has encrypted the laptop, but you kept a backup. Count how many of the files also appear in backup — that is how many you can restore. Print the count. · 勒索软件加密了这台笔记本,但你留有备份。数一数 files 里有多少个也出现在 backup 里 —— 那就是你能恢复的数量。打印这个数。
Click Run to see the output here. · 点击“运行”查看此处输出。