HSK 4 Grammar 13: Auxiliary Verbs
HSK · HSK · HSK 4 Chủ đề 13 3:42 Giọng đọc tiếng Anh · phụ đề tiếng Anh + 中文 được ghi trực tiếp
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Two auxiliary verbs move obligations around. Buyong lifts one, no need to, and dei imposes one, have to, gotta. The traps in this topic are both about pairing rather than meaning: the negative of yao, need to, is buyong and not buyao, and the negative of dei is also buyong, never bude. Learn the pairs and the topic is yours.
Buyong lifts an obligation. Buyong danxin, no need to worry. Haizi buyong mai piao, children don't need to buy a ticket. The classic trap is the negative of yao, need to, which is buyong, not buyao, because buyao is a prohibition or a refusal, don't or don't want. Pick your negative by what you are denying. Denying a need takes buyong. Denying a desire, or telling someone not to do something, takes buyao. Denying ability or permission takes buneng, and denying rightness takes buyinggai. One table, four different jobs.
A friend offers to drive you to the station, and you can walk. What you are denying is the need for the lift, so the lifter is buyong: buyong song wo, wo ziji zou jiu xing, no need to see me off, I can walk myself. Notice the register, warm and easy, because buyong releases your friend from an obligation rather than refusing an offer. And keep the everyday cousin in earshot: buyong xie, you're welcome, is literally no need to thank, the same word doing the same job at dinner-table scale.
The auxiliary dei, read dei, is a blunt, spoken have to. Women dei zou le, we have to go now. Shijian bu zao le, wo dei hui jia le, it's getting late, I have to head home. It states a practical necessity rather than a formal rule, which is why it feels like gotta. And the pairing trap returns: its negative borrows buyong, needn't, so the opposite of wo dei zou is wo buyong zou, not anything with bude. Try it at the lab door: wo dei huiqu le, shiyanshi jiu dian guanmen, I have to head back, the lab closes at nine.
One character, three readings, and context picks it. Dei, must: wo dei zou le, I have to go. De, the complement marker that links a verb to how it is done: pao de kuai, runs fast. And de, obtain, inside dedao. The three live in different neighbourhoods of the sentence, so hearing the whole clause is the fastest disambiguator: an auxiliary slot before a verb reads dei, a slot after a verb reads de, and a lexical verb with an object reads de. Say the three examples aloud once each, and your ear will start doing the sorting for you.
Pause and check both. The negative of yao, need to, is buyong, because buyao prohibits or refuses rather than releasing. And the negative of dei is also buyong, needn't, never bude. Both negatives land on the same lifter, which is what makes this topic tidy. The remaining review items: the three readings of dei, de and de with their examples, and the dinner-table phrase buyong xie, no need to thank, for the next time you hold a door.