Period 5: 1844 to 1877
AP United States History Topic 5 7:33 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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Transcript
In one decade a country doubles its territory.
在一个十年里，一个国家的领土翻了一倍。
That sounds like a triumph and it brings one question with it: will slavery go there?
这听起来像一场胜利， 而它带来了一个问题：奴隶制会进入那里吗？
Every compromise from then on is an attempt to answer that question for a particular piece of land, and that is exactly why it cannot be settled once.
从那以后的每一次妥协， 都是在为某一块特定的土地回答这个问题， 这也正是它无法被一次性解决的原因。
The next acquisition reopens it on new ground.
下一次领土扩张会在新的土地上重新提出它。
Three motives drove westward migration: access to natural and mineral resources, the hope of economic opportunity, and religious refuge.
三种动机推动了西进： 获取自然资源和矿产资源、对经济机会的期望，以及宗教避难。
Advocates of annexation argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled expansion to the Pacific — and the College Board adds, in the same sentence, that this frequently provoked competition and violent conflict.
主张兼并的人认为， 昭昭天命和美国制度的优越性使扩张到太平洋成为必然—— 而考试委员会在同一句话里补充说， 这经常引发竞争和暴力冲突。
Victory in the Mexican-American War and diplomatic negotiations then added large territories, raising questions about the status of slavery, of American Indians, and of Mexicans in the newly acquired lands.
随后，美墨战争的胜利和外交谈判增加了大片领土， 并提出了新的问题： 在新获得的土地上，奴隶制、原住民和墨西哥人的地位如何。
Later, wartime legislation such as the Homestead Act boosted migration further.
后来，像宅地法这样的战时立法进一步推动了移民。
Expansion also meant conflict.
扩张也意味着冲突。
The government's interaction with Mexican Americans and American Indians produced dispossession, resistance, and new legal disputes over land and citizenship.
政府与墨西哥裔美国人和美洲原住民的互动， 带来了剥夺、抵抗，以及关于土地和公民身份的新法律争端。
The land filled because someone was already there, and the exam wants that named.
土地被填满，是因为已经有人在那里，考试要把这一点写出来。
One question runs under all of it: would slavery expand into the new territories?
有一个问题贯穿其中：奴隶制会不会扩张到新领土上？
Diverging responses to that question are what the mechanisms explain.
对这个问题的分歧回答，正是这些机制要解释的东西。
Now the rule that decides marks on this period: name the mechanism, not the mood.
现在讲这一时期决定分数的规则：写机制，不要写情绪。
Tensions rose earns nothing.
"紧张加剧"什么分也拿不到。
The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision — and these ultimately failed to reduce conflict.
法院和全国性领袖为解决领土上的奴隶制问题作了各种尝试， 包括 1850 年妥协案、堪萨斯-内布拉斯加法案和德雷德·斯科特案判决—— 而这些最终都没有减少冲突。
Then the Second Party System ended, as slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened party loyalties and fostered sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North.
随后第二党制结束了， 奴隶制和排外主义削弱了对两大政党的忠诚， 催生了地区性政党，其中最著名的是北方的共和党。
That is the decisive change, because nothing in the party system now required anyone to compromise.
这才是决定性的变化， 因为此时政党体制中已经没有任何东西要求任何人妥协了。
A national party needs votes in both sections.
全国性政党需要两个地区的选票。
A sectional party does not.
地区性政党不需要。
Bleeding Kansas followed, and then the election of 1860.
随后是「流血的堪萨斯」，再是一八六〇年的大选。
Abraham Lincoln won it without a single Southern state, and seven states responded by seceding.
林肯没有拿下任何一个南方州就赢了，七个州以脱离联邦作为回应。
The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as free and included a strict Fugitive Slave Act, which enraged the North by requiring its citizens to participate in enforcement.
一八五零年妥协案接纳加利福尼亚为自由州，并包含一部严厉的逃奴法， 它激怒了北方，因为它要求北方公民参与执行。
Popular sovereignty — letting territorial settlers decide — produced violence in Kansas rather than a settlement.
人民主权——让领土上的定居者来决定——在堪萨斯造成了暴力，而不是解决。
The Dred Scott decision held that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories, removing compromise as a legal option.
德雷德·斯科特案认定国会不能在领土上禁止奴隶制， 从法律上取消了妥协的选项。
Each collapse left less room for the next.
每一次崩溃都给下一次留下更少的空间。
The Union's greater manpower and industrial resources decided the war's length, not its beginning.
北方更多的人力与工业资源决定的是战争的长度，而不是它的开端。
Lincoln and most Union supporters began the war to preserve the Union — the CED is explicit that emancipation was not the initial aim.
林肯和大多数联邦支持者开战是为了保全联邦—— 考试大纲明确指出，解放奴隶并不是最初的目标。
The Emancipation Proclamation then did two things: it reframed the purpose of the war, and it helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers, because supporting the Confederacy now meant supporting slavery.
随后《解放黑人奴隶宣言》做了两件事： 它重新界定了这场战争的目的， 并帮助阻止了南方邦联获得欧洲列强的完全外交支持， 因为此时支持邦联就等于支持奴隶制。
Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy.
许多非裔美国人逃离南方种植园并加入联邦军队， 帮助削弱了邦联。
And the Union succeeded for four reasons together: improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South's infrastructure.
而联邦获胜有四个共同起作用的原因： 领导与战略的改进、关键战役的胜利、更雄厚的资源， 以及战争对南方基础设施的破坏。
Learn the three Reconstruction amendments by what each one does, because questions turn on the difference.
按照每一条"做了什么"来记这三条重建修正案， 因为考题正是考它们之间的差别。
The 13th abolished slavery.
第十三修正案废除了奴隶制。
The 14th granted citizenship and equal protection under the laws.
第十四修正案赋予公民身份和法律的平等保护。
The 15th granted voting rights.
第十五修正案赋予选举权。
Reconstruction also opened political opportunities and leadership roles to formerly enslaved persons.
重建还为曾被奴役者打开了参政和担任领导职务的机会。
And hold on to one more fact: the 14th and 15th eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the twentieth century.
还要记住一个事实： 第十四和第十五修正案后来成为二十世纪法院维护公民权利判决的依据。
The text survived its own defeat.
条文在自身被击败之后依然存续了下来。
The 14th and 15th Amendments extended rights on the basis of race while introducing the word male into the Constitution.
妇女权利运动因第十四和第十五修正案既受到鼓舞，也出现了分裂。
The women's rights movement was both emboldened and divided by those two facts at once.
这些修正案在按种族扩大权利的同时，把"男性"一词写进了宪法。
Hold both.
两个事实都要写。
An answer that treats the amendments as a simple gain for everyone has missed the split.
把修正案当成对所有人的单纯收获的答案，错过了这个分裂。
Radical and moderate Republicans disagreed about how far to go, and that disagreement is half the story.
激进派与温和派共和党人在走多远这件事上意见不一，而这个分歧就是故事的一半。
Reconstruction failed, and the exam wants the mechanisms.
重建失败了，而考试要的是机制。
Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction.
即使在重建之后，南方种植园主仍然拥有该地区大部分土地。
Formerly enslaved persons sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, because an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited access to land for black and poor white farmers alike.
曾被奴役者渴望拥有土地，但通常无法实现自给自足， 因为一种剥削性的、消耗地力的分成租佃制度， 同时限制了黑人和贫穷白人农民获得土地。
Then segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights.
随后，种族隔离、暴力、最高法院判决和地方政治手段， 一步步剥夺了非裔美国人的权利。
And the CED gives two causes for the failure, one in each section: determined Southern resistance, and the North's waning resolve.
考试大纲为这场失败给出了两个原因，南北各一个： 南方坚决的抵抗，以及北方决心的消退。
One sentence carries the whole period, and it is worth memorising.
有一句话概括了整个时期，值得背下来。
The Union victory and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
联邦的胜利和充满争议的南方重建， 解决了奴隶制和脱离联邦这两个问题， 却留下了许多关于联邦政府权力和公民权利的问题没有解决。
Two questions closed, two left open — and the two left open are exactly what the periods that follow keep returning to.
两个问题被关上，两个问题被留下—— 而被留下的这两个， 正是后面各个时期反复回到的地方。
The period's reasoning skill is comparison.
本时期的推理技能是比较。
The 2023 exam set the long essay: evaluate the extent to which the definitions of United States citizenship changed from 1865 to 1920.
二零二三年的考试出了长论文：评价一八六五到一九二零年 美国公民身份的定义在多大程度上发生了变化。
A strong thesis takes a position and acknowledges the reversal.
有力的论点既表态，也承认逆转。
The 14th and 15th Amendments established birthright citizenship and prohibited racial barriers to voting; however, segregation, violence and Supreme Court decisions made those definitions far less meaningful in practice.
第十四和第十五修正案确立了出生公民权，并禁止以种族为投票障碍； 然而隔离、暴力和最高法院判决使这些定义在实践中远没有那么有意义。
Writing only about the amendments describes half the period.
只写修正案，只描述了这一时期的一半。
Hold the legal change and the practical reversal together.
要把法律上的变化和实践中的逆转放在一起。
Five things to take with you.
带走五点。
One: expansion is the cause of the sectional crisis, not its background.
第一：扩张是地区危机的原因，而不是它的背景。
Two: name the mechanism, not the mood — the acts, the decisions, the parties.
第二：写机制，不要写情绪——法案、判决、政党。
Three: the war began to preserve the Union, and the Proclamation reframed it.
第三：这场战争开始时是为了保全联邦，而《宣言》重新界定了它。
Four: learn the amendments by what each does.
第四：按每条修正案"做了什么"来记它们。
Five: four mechanisms of failure — sharecropping, segregation, violence and Court decisions.
第五：失败的四个机制—— 分成租佃、种族隔离、暴力和法院判决。
Now try the practice questions below.
现在去做下面的练习题。