Original open focus revision; complete specification coverage remains unfinished.
1 · Energy stores, work and efficiency
power · efficiency
aqa_gcse_physics:mechanical_energy:open:1 · 2 баллов
What happens to kinetic energy when speed doubles at fixed mass?
- It doubles
- It quadruples
- It stays constant
Ответ и обоснование
It quadruples
- Define the system and useful output before calculating efficiency. Doubling speed quadruples kinetic energy at constant mass. Power describes transfer per time, not total energy.
aqa_gcse_physics:mechanical_energy:open:2 · 4 баллов
A device receives 250 J and gives 150 J useful output. Find efficiency as a percentage.
Ответ и обоснование
60 %
- Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.
Efficiency cannot exceed 100% for a properly defined energy balance. Energy dissipated by heating is still conserved.
2 · Thermal measurements and particle models
specific heat capacity · latent heat
aqa_gcse_physics:thermal:open:1 · 2 баллов
Why can temperature stay constant while a pure substance melts?
- No energy enters
- Energy changes particle arrangement
- The thermometer must be broken
Ответ и обоснование
Energy changes particle arrangement
- Temperature relates to particle motion in a model; internal energy includes kinetic and potential contributions. During a change of state, energy can change particle arrangements rather than temperature.
aqa_gcse_physics:thermal:open:2 · 4 баллов
A 2 kg sample with c=500 J per kilogram per degree warms by 3 °C. Find energy gain.
Ответ и обоснование
3000 J
- Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.
A flat section of a heating curve can show a phase change, not absence of energy transfer. Do not substitute temperature for a temperature difference in E = mcΔT.
3 · Current, potential difference and resistance
current · potential difference
aqa_gcse_physics:circuits:open:1 · 2 баллов
How is a voltmeter connected to measure voltage across a resistor?
- In parallel with the resistor
- In series only
- Across the ammeter only
Ответ и обоснование
In parallel with the resistor
- Current is the same through components in series. Potential differences add around the series path. In parallel, branches share the same potential difference, while branch currents sum at a junction.
aqa_gcse_physics:circuits:open:2 · 4 баллов
A component has 12 V across it and carries 0.40 A. Find resistance.
Ответ и обоснование
30 Ω
- Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.
Current is not used up by a lamp. A filament heats up, so its resistance need not remain constant as voltage changes.
4 · Gas models and absolute temperature
absolute temperature · ideal gas
aqa_gcse_physics:gases:open:1 · 2 баллов
For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, halving volume does what to pressure?
- Halves it
- Doubles it
- Leaves it unchanged
Ответ и обоснование
Doubles it
- State which quantities stay fixed. A pressure-volume relation requires consistent units and a fixed temperature. The kelvin-based temperature ratio is an extension only where the course explicitly specifies it.
aqa_gcse_physics:gases:open:2 · 4 баллов
At fixed temperature, pressure is 120 kPa at volume 50 cubic centimetres. Find pressure at volume 30 cubic centimetres.
Ответ и обоснование
200 kPa
- Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.
An ideal gas is a model with conditions of validity. Celsius zero is not zero molecular motion, and internal energy is not determined by pressure alone.
5 · Nuclear changes and radiation evidence
half-life · background radiation
aqa_gcse_physics:nuclear:open:1 · 2 баллов
Which count should be used for source activity?
- Raw source-plus-background only
- Measured count minus background over equal times
- The largest repeated count only
Ответ и обоснование
Measured count minus background over equal times
- Subtract background counts measured over the same time interval. Distinguish irradiation from contamination. Shielding, distance and reduced exposure time can reduce risk under a school-controlled procedure.
aqa_gcse_physics:nuclear:open:2 · 4 баллов
An initial source count is 160 per minute. Find it after three half-lives.
Ответ и обоснование
20 counts/min
- Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.
An irradiated object is not automatically radioactive. A half-life does not predict the exact decay time of one nucleus.
6 · Forces, momentum and safe stopping
momentum · resultant force
aqa_gcse_physics:forces:open:1 · 2 баллов
For fixed momentum change, which reduces average stopping force?
- Longer stopping time
- Shorter stopping time
- Ignoring external force
Ответ и обоснование
Longer stopping time
- Impulse equals momentum change. Increasing stopping time for the same momentum change reduces average force. Identify external forces before applying momentum conservation.
aqa_gcse_physics:forces:open:2 · 4 баллов
A 2 kg trolley travels at 3 metres per second. Find its momentum.
Ответ и обоснование
6 kg·m/s
- Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.
Balanced forces do not require the object to be at rest. Mass and weight have different units and meanings.
7 · Motion graphs and acceleration
velocity · acceleration
aqa_gcse_physics:motion:open:1 · 2 баллов
What does area under a velocity-time graph represent?
- Вытеснение
- Ускорение
- Масса
Ответ и обоснование
Вытеснение
- The gradient of a displacement-time graph is velocity. The area under a velocity-time graph gives displacement. A constant-acceleration formula is valid only when its assumption is justified.
aqa_gcse_physics:motion:open:2 · 4 баллов
Velocity changes from 3 to 15 metres per second in 6 s. Find acceleration.
Ответ и обоснование
2 m/s²
- Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.
Negative velocity indicates direction under the chosen sign convention; it does not necessarily mean slowing down.
8 · Waves, measurement and refraction
wavelength · frequency
aqa_gcse_physics:waves:open:1 · 2 баллов
When a wave enters a slower medium, what stays constant?
- Частота
- Длина волны
- Скорость
Ответ и обоснование
Частота
- At a boundary, frequency stays fixed by the source. A change of speed changes wavelength. Refraction follows from speed differences; angles are measured from the normal.
aqa_gcse_physics:waves:open:2 · 4 баллов
Frequency is 8 Hz and wavelength is 0.25 m. Find wave speed.
Ответ и обоснование
2 m/s
- Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.
The wave frequency does not change simply because the medium changes. A longitudinal wave has oscillations parallel to propagation.
9 · Fields, motors and induction
induction · transformer
aqa_gcse_physics:fields:open:1 · 2 баллов
Which gives a continuing emf in a coil?
- A constant unchanging flux
- A changing flux linkage
- A nearby stationary magnet in every situation
Ответ и обоснование
A changing flux linkage
- Changing field strength, coil area, orientation or relative motion can change flux linkage. Lenz law describes an induced effect opposing the change producing it, consistent with energy conservation.
aqa_gcse_physics:fields:open:2 · 4 баллов
An ideal transformer has Np=400, Ns=100 and Vp=20 V. Find Vs.
Ответ и обоснование
5 V
- Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.
A transformer needs changing magnetic flux; a steady DC input does not provide continuous transformer action. Magnetic field direction is not automatically the direction of force.
10 · Stars, radiation and scale
luminosity · flux
aqa_gcse_physics:space:open:1 · 2 баллов
At fixed luminosity, what happens to flux when distance doubles?
- It halves
- It becomes one quarter
- It doubles
Ответ и обоснование
It becomes one quarter
- For isotropic emission without absorption, flux follows an inverse-square relationship with distance. Observed brightness alone therefore cannot establish luminosity.
aqa_gcse_physics:space:open:2 · 4 баллов
A source gives flux 18 units. Find flux at three times the distance.
Ответ и обоснование
2
- Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.
The Sun is not expected to become a supernova. Redshift can support cosmological expansion; it does not mean every nearby object must move away from every observer.