Derivatives and stationary points · Extension
| English | 中文 | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|
| derivative/dɪˈrɪvətɪv/ | 导数 | dǎo shù |
What is the slope at one point?
- A curved road has different slopes at different positions. An average gradient cannot describe every point.
- This lesson studies derivative 导数: The instantaneous rate of change, also the gradient of a tangent.
Choose the mathematical structure
- For a polynomial term ax^n with nonnegative integer n, the gradient term is anx^(n-1). Add the differentiated terms. A stationary point has zero gradient.
- State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Which description correctly defines derivative?
The instantaneous rate of change, also the gradient of a tangent.
Work through a checked case
- Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
For y=x³-3x, dy/dx=3x²-3. At x=1, the gradient is 0 and y=-2. The second derivative is 6x, positive at x=1, so this is a local minimum. At x=-1, y=2 and the second derivative is negative, giving a local maximum.
Derivatives and stationary points
For a polynomial term ax^n with nonnegative integer n, the gradient term is anx^(n-1)
Compare the model with the worked case and explain one change.
For y=x³-3x, find dy/dx at x=2.
dy/dx=3x²-3. At x=2 it is 12-3=9.
Test a tempting shortcut
- A zero derivative does not always mean a maximum or minimum: y=x³ is stationary at 0 but continues increasing. An endpoint can also produce an extreme value on a restricted domain.
- When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Every point with zero derivative is a local maximum or minimum. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Find the y-coordinate of the stationary point at x=1.
Substitute into the original curve: y(1)=1-3=-2.
Every point with zero derivative is a local maximum or minimum.
A zero derivative does not always mean a maximum or minimum: y=x³ is stationary at 0 but continues increasing. An endpoint can also produce an extreme value on a restricted domain.
Interpret a new situation
- This advanced-tier IGCSE lesson is limited to polynomial differentiation, tangent gradients and stationary points. Chain, product, quotient and implicit differentiation are excluded.
- A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
For y=4x³, find dy/dx at x=2.
The derivative is 12x²; at 2 it is 12×4=48.
Match each part of a complete solution to its purpose.
An assumption justifies the model; a check tests the result; interpretation connects it to the question.
Use this in your course
- 9260 · Extension · 3.2. Match the target tier and specification before assigning extensions.
- Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
The instantaneous rate of change, also the gradient of a tangent. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.