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以及 (as well as / and)
IntroducedYour saved position stays in this browser. Resuming does not complete the lesson or answer its questions.
A formal list
- A company report lists everyone who took part in a project.
- took part参加meeting会议(modifier / structural particle)的to have / there is有manager经理、engineer工程师as well as以及part部分client客户。 — "Attending the meeting were the manager, the engineers, and some of the clients."
A、B as well as以及 C = and, as well as
- as well as以及 joins the last item of a list in formal writing, like a formal and / with和.
- It often adds an item of a slightly different kind or lower importance.
students学生、teachers老师as well as以及parents家长all都took part参加了。
Complete (formal): “Students, teachers and parents all took part.” 学生、老师____家长都参加了。
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以及 joins the last item.
Joining phrases and clauses
- It can join larger units: everyone大家discussed讨论(completed / change)了to exercise活动(modifier / structural particle)的the time时间、place地点as well as以及cost费用。 — "Everyone discussed the time, place and cost of the event."
- Questions too: how / why怎么to go去as well as以及what什么time时候to go去，still / also还not / haven't没to decide (to do something)决定.
discussed讨论了the time时间、place地点and以及cost费用。
Build: “We discussed the time, place and cost.”
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A、B 以及 C.
Formal, and before the last item
- In casual speech, and / with和 sounds more natural: I / me我to buy买(completed / change)了apple苹果and / with和banana香蕉.
- Put as well as以及 before the last item only: A、B as well as以及 C, not A as well as以及 B as well as以及 C.
Which suits casual speech? “I bought apples and bananas.”
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以及 and 及 are formal connectors used in writing and announcements. In casual speech two nouns are joined with 和: 我买了苹果和香蕉.
as well as以及 versus and / with和 and and及
- and / with和 = and (everyday).
- and及 is an even more compact written form: students学生and及parents家长. as well as以及 can join longer phrases than and及.
students学生and及parents家长。
以及 can join longer phrases than 及.
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以及 can link phrases and clauses.
Recap
- A、B as well as以及 C = A, B, and (also) C (formal writing).
- Everyday and / with和; compact written and及; as well as以及 can join phrases and clauses.
Read the full reference: HSK 6 grammar — Conjunctions.
A company report lists everyone who took part in a project. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.
This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.