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Writing with result, direction and manner complements
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Finished, or just tried?
- A writing task asks for a sentence with to finish完. Compare: “I / me我to write写(completed / change)了school assignment作业” and “I / me我to write写to finish完(completed / change)了school assignment作业”.
- Only the second says the homework is finished. HSK 4 writing expects complements that show the result, direction or manner of an action.
Result complements
- Verb + result: to write写to finish完 (finished), to understand (on hearing)听懂 (understood), to see看见 (saw), to find找到 (found), to make an error做错 (did wrong).
- Negate with not / haven't没: I / me我not / haven't没to understand (on hearing)听懂 — I didn't understand. Potential: to understand (by hearing)听得懂 / unable to make sense of…听不懂.
the teacher老师said说的words话I我all都understood听懂了。
Which sentence says the homework is finished?
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完 shows the result: finished.
老师说得太快，我 ____ 听懂。(I didn't understand.)
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Negate a result complement with 没.
我看了他 and 我看见了他 mean exactly the same.
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看 = look at; 看见 = see (the result).
Direction and manner
- Direction: to enter走进to come来, to take out拿出to go去, station站(after a verb) indicating…起来 — the action moves somewhere.
- Manner ((degree marker)得): he / him他variant of 说说(degree marker)得很快, she / her她to sing唱(degree marker)得degree / adjective linker很good好 — describes how the action is done.
he他Chinese中文speaks说得very很fluently流利。
Result, direction or manner?
Classify complements by what they add to the verb.
Write from a picture and a word
- Given a picture of a boy holding a found wallet and the word to find找到: he / him他finally终于to find找到(completed / change)了purse钱包。
- Use the supplied word unchanged, make a complete sentence, and match the picture.
Word: clean干净. Picture: a clean kitchen. she / her她(把: marks the object)把kitchen厨房to clean打扫(degree marker)得degree / adjective linker很clean干净。 — a (degree marker)得 complement describing the result of cleaning.
Word: 干净. Build the sentence: 她 / 把厨房 / 打扫得 / 很干净。
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把 + object + verb + 得 + result.
Common mistakes
- Using (completed / change)了 alone when the task needs a result: I / me我to see看(completed / change)了 (looked) vs I / me我to see看见(completed / change)了 (saw).
- Putting an object between the verb and (degree marker)得: he / him他variant of 说说Chinese language中文(degree marker)得很快 ✗ → he / him他variant of 说说Chinese language中文variant of 说说(degree marker)得很快 / he / him他Chinese language中文variant of 说说(degree marker)得很快 ✓.
Which sentence is correct?
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With an object, repeat the verb before 得.
Recap
- Result: verb + to finish完 / to understand懂 / to / arrive到 / to appear见; direction: verb + to come in进来 / to go out出去; manner: verb + (degree marker)得 + description.
- With an object and (degree marker)得, repeat the verb or put the object first.