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… 等 / 等等 (etc.)
IntroducedYour saved position stays in this browser. Resuming does not complete the lesson or answer its questions.
In a news report
- You read about which Chinese cities have the most visitors.
- Beijing北京、Shanghai上海、Xi'an, sub-provincial city…西安and other等cities城市all / both都degree / adjective linker很popular受欢迎。 — "Cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Xi'an are all very popular."
A、B + and other等 (+ summary noun)
- and other等 = "etc., and so on" in writing. It follows the list and can be followed by a noun that sums it up.
- et cetera等等 is a stronger "and so on and so forth", usually at the very end.
I我bought买了apples苹果、bananas香蕉and other等fruit水果。
Complete (written): “apples, bananas and other fruit” 苹果、香蕉____水果
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List + 等 + summary noun.
Build: “Cities such as Beijing and Shanghai are very popular.”
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List + 等 + noun + comment.
Open list or closed list
- Open: China中国to have / there is有很多传统节日，for example比如Spring Festival (Chinese…春节、the Mid-Autumn Festival on…中秋节et cetera等等。 — "China has many traditional festivals, such as the Spring Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival and so on."
- Closed, with a number: Beijing北京、Shanghai上海、Guangzhou广州and other等three三个cities城市 — "the three cities Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou". The number shows the list is complete.
Beijing北京、Shanghai上海、Guangzhou广州(these)等three三个cities城市。
What does 北京、上海、广州等三个城市 tell you?
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A number after 等 closes the list.
Written style
- and other等 is formal; in chat, what什么(modifier / structural particle)的 sounds more natural.
- With a number after and other等, the list is complete: and other等three三个cities城市 means exactly those three.
等 is more formal than 什么的.
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等 suits writing; 什么的 suits chat.
and other等 the verb
- and other等 also means "wait": and other等a moment一下 — "wait a moment". In a list it means "etc.".
- Position tells you which: after a list of nouns it is "etc.".
please请wait等a moment一下。
Recap
- A、B + and other等 (+ noun) = A, B and so on (written); et cetera等等 = and so on and so forth.
- and other等 + number = a complete list; casual speech uses what什么(modifier / structural particle)的.
Read the full reference: HSK 4 grammar — Auxiliary words.
You read about which Chinese cities have the most visitors. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.
This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.