Rights, Inclusion and Protest
Introduced| English | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Rights-based discourses/raɪts beɪst ˈdɪskɔːsɪz/ | Arguments that frame political claims as human rights. |
| end of apartheid/end ɒv əˈpɑːθeɪd/ | end of apartheid |
A new kind of argument
- Rights-based discourses 权利话语 challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender and religion.
- A rights-based argument does not ask for a favour; it asserts an entitlement that is claimed to precede the government granting it.
- That is the Enlightenment natural-rights move of 5.1, now applied to categories it had previously left out.
Select all the rights-based discourses the CED names.
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The Negritude movement completes the four; the WTO belongs to 9.4.
Four named discourses
- The CED names the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, especially as it sought to protect the rights of children, women and refugees.
- It also names global feminism movements, the Negritude movement, and liberation theology in Latin America.
- Two are international instruments and two are cultural and religious movements — the CED deliberately mixes the kinds.
Rights arguments and reform demands must be connected to specific evidence.
Select all the access changes the CED names.
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Caste reservation in India completes the list; the Green Belt Movement is a protest.
Access widened
- In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender and religion.
- The CED's examples include the vote and public office granted to women in the United States (1920), Brazil (1932), Turkey (1934), Japan (1945), India (1947) and Morocco (1963).
- It also names rising female literacy and women in higher education, the U.S. Civil Rights Act, the end of apartheid 种族隔离, and caste reservation in India.
A discourse, an access change, or a protest?
Sort each item in this subtopic.
The protest movements object to...
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The CED's wording is about how consequences are distributed.
The protest movements object to inequality of consequences, not to integration itself. The CED's wording is precise — Greenpeace, the Green Belt Movement and fair-trade organisations contest how the environmental and economic costs of global integration are distributed.
A rights-based argument asserts an entitlement claimed to ____ the government granting it.
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It is the Enlightenment natural-rights move of 5.1, newly applied.
And protest at the costs
- Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration.
- The CED names Greenpeace and Professor Wangari Maathai's Green Belt Movement in Kenya, and the World Fair Trade Organization.
- Note the word inequality: the protest is about how consequences are distributed, not about integration as such.
Put the CED's women's suffrage dates in order.
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The spread across four decades is what makes it evidence of change over time.
Maintained and challenged
- The objective is how social categories, roles and practices have been maintained and challenged over time.
- So the answer needs both: categories that persisted, and the discourses and movements that contested them.
- The dates in the CED's suffrage list are a gift — they show a global change arriving over four decades, not at once.
The CED's suffrage dates run from 1920 to 1963 across six countries on four continents. The same argument — that political rights do not depend on gender — arrives in each place at a different moment, for local reasons. That spread is what "maintained and challenged over time" looks like as evidence.
Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender and religion — the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, global feminism, Negritude, liberation theology. Access to education and political and professional roles became more inclusive, with women's suffrage arriving from 1920 to 1963, the U.S. Civil Rights Act, the end of apartheid and caste reservation in India. Movements protested the inequality of globalisation's consequences.
Write from the end of apartheid
- South Africa's apartheid laws separated people by race and denied political rights.
- A long movement of protest challenged those laws, and they ended in the 1990s.
What kind of change was the end of apartheid?
Organised pressure helped dismantle a legal system of racial rule.
What ended after the anti-apartheid movement?
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The movement challenged the racial laws until they ended.