Reactions to Power
Introduced| English | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nonviolence/ˌnɒnˈvaɪələns/ | The rejection of physical violence as a means of pursuing political or social change. |
Two directions at once
- Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups — including states — opposed this trend.
- Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts.
- The CED states both in one place, so the subtopic is a contrast rather than a single story.
Select all the promoters of nonviolence the CED names.
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Nkrumah appears in 8.2 and 8.5, for non-alignment and independence.
Nonviolence 非暴力 as a method
- Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some, such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change.
- The CED's phrase is the practice of nonviolence — a method with tactics, discipline and organisation, not merely a refusal.
- And as a way to bring about political change: it is presented as instrumental, chosen because it works.
Distinguish nonviolent campaigns, militarised state responses and movements targeting civilians
The CED calls nonviolence a...
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A method with tactics, discipline and organisation, chosen because it works.
And states that intensified conflict
- Militaries and militarised states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict.
- The CED's examples: Chile under Augusto Pinochet, Spain under Francisco Franco, Uganda under Idi Amin, and the buildup of the military–industrial complex and weapons trading.
- The last is not a regime but a structure — an economy organised around producing arms sustains the demand for them.
Which reaction to power is this?
Sort each case into the subtopic's four categories.
Select all the CED's examples of responses that intensified conflict.
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Uganda under Idi Amin completes the CED's list.
The CED lists the military–industrial complex beside named regimes. It is a structural cause, not a government: an economy organised around producing and trading arms sustains the demand it exists to meet. Treating intensification as only a matter of individual rulers misses that item.
The CED's category of violence against ____ is defined by its target and its political aim.
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The political aim distinguishes it from ordinary crime.
Violence against civilians
- Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims.
- The CED names Shining Path and Al-Qaeda.
- The category is defined by the target — civilians — and by the aim — political change, which is what distinguishes it from ordinary crime.
Select all four reactions this subtopic covers.
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Name the category before the example — that is what various asks for.
"Various reactions" means sort them
- The objective is various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900.
- Four reactions in this subtopic: opposing conflict, nonviolent political change, militarised intensification, and violence against civilians.
- An answer that names the category before the example is doing what the objective's word various asks for.
Nonviolence is described by the CED as the practice of nonviolence — marches planned to a timetable, participants trained not to respond, publicity arranged in advance. It is a strategy with a theory of how a state loses legitimacy, which is why it belongs in a subtopic about reactions to power rather than in a subtopic about ethics.
Many individuals, groups and states opposed the century's conflicts; some intensified them. Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Mandela promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change. Militaries and militarised states responded in ways that further intensified conflict — Pinochet's Chile, Franco's Spain, Amin's Uganda, and the military–industrial complex and weapons trading. Some movements used violence against civilians — Shining Path, Al-Qaeda.
Write from Gandhi's nonviolent resistance
- Mohandas Gandhi organised marches and boycotts against British rule.
- The campaign refused armed rebellion as its method.
What method did Gandhi use?
Boycotts and marches challenged the empire without a rebel army.
What method did Gandhi use against British rule?
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The movement refused armed rebellion as its method.