South and Southeast Asia
Introduced| English | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Bhakti movement/ˈbʌkti ˈmuːvmənt/ | Bhakti movement |
| Sufism/ˈsjuːfɪzəm/ | Sufism |
| Buddhist monasticism/ˈbʊdɪst məˈnæstɪsɪzəm/ | Buddhist monasticism |
Three faiths, one region
- Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.
- The CED lists three practices to know: the Bhakti movement 巴克提运动, Sufism 苏非主义, and Buddhist monasticism 佛教僧团制.
- All three are devotional or communal — they change how ordinary people live, not only what rulers believe.
Select all the belief practices the CED names for this region.
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The exam system belongs to East Asia, subtopic 1.1.
Devotion that bypasses hierarchy
- The Bhakti movement offered direct personal devotion to a deity, without priestly mediation.
- Sufism offered a direct experiential path within Islam, and its teachers travelled well.
- Both spread across social boundaries — which is exactly why they matter for a society question rather than a state question.
The Bhakti movement offered direct personal devotion without ____ mediation.
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Which is why it crossed social boundaries.
New Hindu and Buddhist states
- State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.
- The CED's list: Vijayanagara, Srivijaya, the Rajput kingdoms, the Khmer Empire, Majapahit, Sukhothai, and the Sinhala dynasties.
- Seven names, and the exam never asks you to recall all seven — it asks what such states had in common.
Follow a belief system along a trade route
Conversion that follows a merchant leaves different evidence from conversion that follows an army.
Srivijaya's power came mainly from...
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Revenue from a place rather than from land.
The seven state names are illustrative examples, not a memorisation list. The CED asks you to explain how and why states of the region developed and maintained power. One state you can explain in detail beats seven you can only name.
You must memorise all seven states the CED lists.
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They are illustrative examples; one state you can explain beats seven you can name.
Sea states and land states
- Srivijaya and Majapahit controlled straits and taxed the ships passing through them.
- The Khmer Empire and Vijayanagara built on agriculture, irrigation and inland tribute.
- That difference — revenue from trade versus revenue from land — explains most of what else differed between them.
Match each state to its revenue base.
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Revenue base explains most of what else differed between them.
Using this in an answer
- A South/Southeast Asia answer usually needs one state and one belief practice, connected.
- Srivijaya's straits gave it merchants; merchants carried Islam and Buddhism along the same routes.
- Connecting the two is worth more than listing four kingdoms you can name.
Srivijaya taxed ships passing through the Straits of Malacca. That revenue paid for a fleet, the fleet protected the route, and the protected route attracted more ships — a state whose power came from a place rather than from land. The Khmer Empire's power came from water too, but from irrigating rice, not from taxing sailors.
Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism continued to shape societies, through practices including the Bhakti movement, Sufism and Buddhist monasticism. New Hindu and Buddhist states emerged — Vijayanagara, Srivijaya, Rajput, Khmer, Majapahit, Sukhothai, Sinhala — showing continuity, innovation and diversity.
Write from Srivijaya taxing sea trade
- Srivijaya sat on a strait used by ships.
- The Khmer state was built on land agriculture and temple cities.
Why is Srivijaya called a sea state?
Control of a shipping lane funded the sea state.
What made Srivijaya a sea state?
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The strait was the source of its revenue.