Emotion
Introduced| English | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Emotion/ɪˈməʊʃn/ | A psychological state involving feelings and related bodily or behavioural responses. |
| affect/əˈfekt/ | Emotional experience or the observable expression of emotion. |
| cognitive label/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv ˈleɪbl/ | An interpretation used to identify or give meaning to an emotional or physiological experience. |
| James-Lange/dʒeɪmz lændʒ/ | Says the bodily response comes first and the emotion is our reading of it. |
| Cannon-Bard/ˈkænən bɑːd/ | Says body and emotion occur simultaneously, neither causing the other. |
| Schachter-Singer/ˈʃætʃtə ˈsɪŋə/ | Two-factor theory says arousal plus a cognitive label produces the emotion. |
| Display rules/dɪˈspleɪ ruːlz/ | Display rules |
| broaden-and-build theory/ˈbrɔːdn ænd bɪld ˈθɪəri/ | broaden-and-build theory |
| Elicitors/ɪˈlɪsɪtəz/ | What triggers an emotion — also differ, which is why a universal expression can still appear at different moments. |
Does your heart race because you are afraid, or the reverse?
- An emotion has a bodily side and a mental side, and they arrive almost together.
- The theories differ on which comes first, and whether one causes the other.
- The order is what the exam asks about.
What an emotion is
- Emotion 情绪, or affect 情感, is a complex process distinguished from reasoning or knowledge.
- It has physiological, cognitive and behavioural components.
- That is why a purely bodily account and a purely cognitive account are both incomplete.
Three theories of emotion differ in the order of arousal, feeling and cognitive label 认知标签
Select all the components of an emotion the CED names.
Difficulty 2/5 · 140 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
There is no grammatical component of emotion.
Theories of emotion
- James-Lange 詹姆斯—兰格 says the bodily response comes first and the emotion is our reading of it.
- Cannon-Bard 坎农—巴德 says body and emotion occur simultaneously, neither causing the other.
- Schachter-Singer 沙赫特—辛格 two-factor theory says arousal plus a cognitive label produces the emotion.
Which theory of emotion?
Sort each claim by the theory that makes it.
Two-factor theory says an emotion requires...
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
The same arousal produces different emotions depending on how it is labelled.
James-Lange theory says the emotion comes first and produces the bodily response.
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
It says the bodily response comes first and the emotion is our reading of it.
Do not say a culture "feels" emotions differently when the evidence is about display rules. Display rules govern when an emotion may be shown, which is a claim about expression, not about the feeling itself.
Match each theory to its ordering of body and emotion.
Difficulty 2/5 · 140 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Two theories order body and feeling; the third explains what positive emotion does.
Broaden-and-build
- The broaden-and-build theory 拓展-建构理论 concerns positive emotions specifically.
- Positive emotional experiences tend to broaden awareness and encourage exploration.
- Over time that builds durable personal resources — the "build" half of the name.
Cultural rules governing when an emotion may be shown are called ____ rules.
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Display rules govern expression, not the feeling itself.
Expression across cultures
- Research has explored whether emotional expression is universal; some expressions appear widely shared.
- Display rules 表达规则 govern when an emotion may be shown, and they differ between cultures.
- Elicitors 诱发因素 — what triggers an emotion — also differ, which is why a universal expression can still appear at different moments.
Participants injected with adrenaline reported feeling angry or amused depending on how the person beside them behaved. The arousal was identical; the cognitive label differed — which is exactly what two-factor theory predicts.
Emotion has physiological, cognitive and behavioural components. James-Lange puts the body first, Cannon-Bard makes them simultaneous, and Schachter-Singer adds a cognitive label to arousal. Broaden-and-build explains positive emotion, and display rules and elicitors differ by culture.
Write from a heart rate of 120
- A hiker's heart rate is 120. On a trail she feels fear. On a safe ride the same rate feels like excitement.
- Use a cognitive label.
A heart rate of 120 is labelled fear on a trail and excitement on a safe ride. Which theory needs that label, and which theory puts the body first?
The same arousal can receive different labels. The label is cognitive.
What stays the same at 120?
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Fear and excitement share the heart rate of 120 and differ in the label.