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HSK 3

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    Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

    Adjective + extremely极了jí le (extremely)

    A trip receives an enthusiastic review

    • A friend asks whether you enjoyed the holiday.
    • 这次zhè cìto travel旅行lǚ xíngsuper棒极了bàng jí le！ — The speaker gives a very strong positive evaluation.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Adjective + extremely极了jí le (extremely). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    this这个zhè geidea主意zhǔ yigood好hǎoextremely极了jí le。

    Read examples in context

    that那个nà geboy男孩nán háiannoying讨厌tǎo yànextremely极了jí le！

    • In the opening example, 这次zhè cìto travel旅行lǚ xíngsuper棒极了bàng jí le！: The speaker gives a very strong positive evaluation.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • extremely极了jí le follows an appropriate descriptive word and includes (completed / change)了le as part of this frame.
    • It can describe unpleasant feelings too, but not every adjective has a natural extremely极了jí le combination.

    Use the distinction

    • The speaker gives a very strong positive evaluation.
    • extremely极了jí le follows an appropriate descriptive word and includes (completed / change)了le as part of this frame. It can describe unpleasant feelings too, but not every adjective has a natural extremely极了jí le combination.

    Try it with help closed

    A friend asks whether you enjoyed the holiday. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 这次zhè cìto travel旅行lǚ xíngsuper棒极了bàng jí le！

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • extremely极了jí le follows an appropriate descriptive word and includes (completed / change)了le as part of this frame.
    • It can describe unpleasant feelings too, but not every adjective has a natural extremely极了jí le combination.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Doubling adjectives (AA / AABB)

    A room is ready for a guest

    • You describe a room that has been thoroughly tidied.
    • room房间fáng jiān干干净净gān gān jìng jìng(modifier / structural particle)的de。 — The repeated adjective gives a vivid description of the clean room.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Doubling adjectives (AA / AABB). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    the baby宝宝bǎo bao的deeyes眼睛yǎn jīngbig and round大大的dà dà de。

    Read examples in context

    I我wǒwant to想xiǎngcomfortably舒舒服服shū shū fú fú地delie躺tǎngon在zàithe sofa沙发上shā fā shàng。

    • In the opening example, room房间fáng jiān干干净净gān gān jìng jìng(modifier / structural particle)的de。: The repeated adjective gives a vivid description of the clean room.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • clean干净gān jìng can become 干干净净gān gān jìng jìng, but this is a lexical pattern, not a rule for every two-character adjective.
    • snow white雪白xuě bái can use snow white雪白xuě báisnow white雪白xuě bái rather than AABB. Learn attested forms.

    Use the distinction

    • The repeated adjective gives a vivid description of the clean room.
    • clean干净gān jìng can become 干干净净gān gān jìng jìng, but this is a lexical pattern, not a rule for every two-character adjective. snow white雪白xuě bái can use snow white雪白xuě báisnow white雪白xuě bái rather than AABB. Learn attested forms.

    Try it with help closed

    You describe a room that has been thoroughly tidied. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: room房间fáng jiān干干净净gān gān jìng jìng(modifier / structural particle)的de。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • clean干净gān jìng can become 干干净净gān gān jìng jìng, but this is a lexical pattern, not a rule for every two-character adjective.
    • snow white雪白xuě bái can use snow white雪白xuě báisnow white雪白xuě bái rather than AABB. Learn attested forms.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Adjective + (adverb -ly)地de + Verb (making an adverb)

    A teacher reads with care

    • A teacher examines an essay carefully rather than rushing through it.
    • teacher老师lǎo shīconscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地deto see看kàn(completed / change)了leI / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的deto write an essay作文zuò wén。 — conscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地de describes how the teacher read the essay.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Adjective + (adverb -ly)地de + Verb (making an adverb). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    he他tāhappy高兴gāo xìng地desmiled笑xiào了le。

    Read examples in context

    the teacher老师lǎo shīcareful认真rèn zhēn地deread看kàn了lemy我的wǒ deessay作文zuò wén。

    • In the opening example, teacher老师lǎo shīconscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地deto see看kàn(completed / change)了leI / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的deto write an essay作文zuò wén。: conscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地de describes how the teacher read the essay.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The manner phrase comes before to see看kàn.
    • Compare conscientious认真rèn zhēn(modifier / structural particle)的deteacher老师lǎo shī, where (modifier / structural particle)的de describes the teacher, and teacher老师lǎo shīto see看kàn(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěnconscientious认真rèn zhēn, where (degree marker)得de introduces an assessment of the reading.

    Use the distinction

    • conscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地de describes how the teacher read the essay.
    • The manner phrase comes before to see看kàn. Compare conscientious认真rèn zhēn(modifier / structural particle)的deteacher老师lǎo shī, where (modifier / structural particle)的de describes the teacher, and teacher老师lǎo shīto see看kàn(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěnconscientious认真rèn zhēn, where (degree marker)得de introduces an assessment of the reading.

    Try it with help closed

    A teacher examines an essay carefully rather than rushing through it. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: teacher老师lǎo shīconscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地deto see看kàn(completed / change)了leI / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的deto write an essay作文zuò wén。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The manner phrase comes before to see看kàn.
    • Compare conscientious认真rèn zhēn(modifier / structural particle)的deteacher老师lǎo shī, where (modifier / structural particle)的de describes the teacher, and teacher老师lǎo shīto see看kàn(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěnconscientious认真rèn zhēn, where (degree marker)得de introduces an assessment of the reading.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    so much这么zhè me / like that那么nà me + Adjective (so …)

    A coat's price surprises a buyer

    • You look at a coat's price and find it much higher than expected.
    • 这件zhè jiànclothes衣服yī fúhow / why怎么zěn meso much这么zhè meexpensive贵guì？ — The buyer reacts to the surprisingly high price.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is so much这么zhè me / like that那么nà me + Adjective (so …). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    today今天jīn tiānhow come怎么zěn meso这么zhè mecold冷lěng？

    Read examples in context

    you你nǐso那么nà meclever聪明cōng mingsurely，一定yí dìngcan能néngguess it猜到cāi dào。

    • In the opening example, 这件zhè jiànclothes衣服yī fúhow / why怎么zěn meso much这么zhè meexpensive贵guì？: The buyer reacts to the surprisingly high price.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • so much这么zhè me often points to a degree currently in focus.
    • like that那么nà me can refer to a degree already mentioned; the distinction is not a literal distance measurement for every use.

    Use the distinction

    • The buyer reacts to the surprisingly high price.
    • so much这么zhè me often points to a degree currently in focus. like that那么nà me can refer to a degree already mentioned; the distinction is not a literal distance measurement for every use.

    Try it with help closed

    You look at a coat's price and find it much higher than expected. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 这件zhè jiànclothes衣服yī fúhow / why怎么zěn meso much这么zhè meexpensive贵guì？

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • so much这么zhè me often points to a degree currently in focus.
    • like that那么nà me can refer to a degree already mentioned; the distinction is not a literal distance measurement for every use.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    A with / and跟gēn / and / with和hé B same一样yī yàng (the same as)

    Compare the size of two homes

    • Two homes have the same size, but their colours and locations differ.
    • 你家nǐ jiāwith / and跟gēn我家wǒ jiāsame一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà。 — The comparison asserts equality of size.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is A with / and跟gēn / and / with和hé B same一样yī yàng (the same as). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    your home你家nǐ jiāas跟gēnmy home我家wǒ jiāthe same一样yí yàngbig大dà。

    Read examples in context

    Beijing北京Běi jīng的deweather天气tiān qìand和héShanghai上海Shàng hǎinot不bùthe same一样yí yàng。

    • In the opening example, 你家nǐ jiāwith / and跟gēn我家wǒ jiāsame一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà。: The comparison asserts equality of size.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • same一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà names the compared property.
    • It does not claim that the homes are identical in every feature. with / and跟gēn and and / with和hé both work in this comparison.

    Use the distinction

    • The comparison asserts equality of size.
    • same一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà names the compared property. It does not claim that the homes are identical in every feature. with / and跟gēn and and / with和hé both work in this comparison.

    Try it with help closed

    Two homes have the same size, but their colours and locations differ. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 你家nǐ jiāwith / and跟gēn我家wǒ jiāsame一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • same一样yī yàngsee 大夫大dà names the compared property.
    • It does not claim that the homes are identical in every feature. with / and跟gēn and and / with和hé both work in this comparison.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    again又yòu … again又yòu … (both … and …)

    A product has a benefit and a drawback

    • A phone is expensive, but useful and attractive.
    • this这zhè部手机bù shǒu jīagain又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòugood好hǎoto use / with用yòng。 — The speaker combines two qualities of the same phone.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is again又yòu … again又yòu … (both … and …). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    this这个zhè gehouse房子fáng ziboth又yòubig大dàand又yòubright亮liàng。

    Read examples in context

    here这里zhè lǐ的decoffee咖啡kā fēiboth又yòuexpensive贵guìand又yòubad-tasting难喝nán hē。

    • In the opening example, this这zhè部手机bù shǒu jīagain又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòugood好hǎoto use / with用yòng。: The speaker combines two qualities of the same phone.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • again又yòu…again又yòu… often groups similarly valued qualities, but mixed evaluations such as again又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòugood好hǎoto use / with用yòng are possible.
    • It can also link actions, as in again又yòuto sing唱chàngagain又yòuto jump跳tiào; use one side一边yī biān…one side一边yī biān… when ongoing simultaneity is the focus.

    Use the distinction

    • The speaker combines two qualities of the same phone.
    • again又yòu…again又yòu… often groups similarly valued qualities, but mixed evaluations such as again又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòugood好hǎoto use / with用yòng are possible. It can also link actions, as in again又yòuto sing唱chàngagain又yòuto jump跳tiào; use one side一边yī biān…one side一边yī biān… when ongoing simultaneity is the focus.

    Try it with help closed

    A phone is expensive, but useful and attractive. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: this这zhè部手机bù shǒu jīagain又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòugood好hǎoto use / with用yòng。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • again又yòu…again又yòu… often groups similarly valued qualities, but mixed evaluations such as again又yòuexpensive贵guìagain又yòugood好hǎoto use / with用yòng are possible.
    • It can also link actions, as in again又yòuto sing唱chàngagain又yòuto jump跳tiào; use one side一边yī biān…one side一边yī biān… when ongoing simultaneity is the focus.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Subject + fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào + Adjective (fairly, rather)

    Choose a relatively easy question

    • Compared with the other questions, this one seems fairly easy.
    • this这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí比较简单bǐ jiào jiǎn dān。 — fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào gives a relative or qualified evaluation of simplicity.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Subject + fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào + Adjective (fairly, rather). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    this这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tífairly比较bǐ jiàosimple简单jiǎn dān。

    Read examples in context

    I我wǒrather比较bǐ jiàoprefer喜欢xǐ huantaking坐zuòthe subway地铁dì tiě。

    • In the opening example, this这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí比较简单bǐ jiào jiǎn dān。: fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào gives a relative or qualified evaluation of simplicity.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào can imply a comparison without naming its standard.
    • degree / adjective linker很hěn with an adjective can simply make a natural predicate, not always a strong very; do not build a fixed intensity ranking from the English translations.

    Use the distinction

    • fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào gives a relative or qualified evaluation of simplicity.
    • fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào can imply a comparison without naming its standard. degree / adjective linker很hěn with an adjective can simply make a natural predicate, not always a strong very; do not build a fixed intensity ranking from the English translations.

    Try it with help closed

    Compared with the other questions, this one seems fairly easy. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: this这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí比较简单bǐ jiào jiǎn dān。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • fairly / rather比较bǐ jiào can imply a comparison without naming its standard.
    • degree / adjective linker很hěn with an adjective can simply make a natural predicate, not always a strong very; do not build a fixed intensity ranking from the English translations.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    many多duō + Adjective + (exclamation)啊a! (how …!)

    Admire a friend's skill

    • A child solves a difficult puzzle quickly and you praise the achievement.
    • you你nǐdaughter女儿nǚ érmany多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a！ — many多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a expresses admiration rather than asking for a measurement.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is many多duō + Adjective + (exclamation)啊a! (how …!). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    your你nǐdaughter女儿nǚ érhow多duōclever聪明cōng ming啊a！

    Read examples in context

    on your own一个人yí ge rénhow多duōnice好hǎo！

    • In the opening example, you你nǐdaughter女儿nǚ érmany多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a！: many多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a expresses admiration rather than asking for a measurement.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • (exclamation)啊a is common in this exclamation, not compulsory in every exclamatory use of many多duō.
    • 多好duō hǎo！ is possible. Compare you你nǐmany多duōsee 大夫大dà？, which genuinely asks about age.

    Use the distinction

    • many多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a expresses admiration rather than asking for a measurement.
    • (exclamation)啊a is common in this exclamation, not compulsory in every exclamatory use of many多duō. 多好duō hǎo！ is possible. Compare you你nǐmany多duōsee 大夫大dà？, which genuinely asks about age.

    Try it with help closed

    A child solves a difficult puzzle quickly and you praise the achievement. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: you你nǐdaughter女儿nǚ érmany多duōintelligent聪明cōng míng(exclamation)啊a！

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • (exclamation)啊a is common in this exclamation, not compulsory in every exclamatory use of many多duō.
    • 多好duō hǎo！ is possible. Compare you你nǐmany多duōsee 大夫大dà？, which genuinely asks about age.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Adjective + (modifier / structural particle)的de + Noun (describing a noun)

    Ask for the cold drink

    • Two drinks are available, one cold and one hot.
    • 我要wǒ yàocold冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de。 — cold冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de selects the cold one from the understood drinks.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Adjective + (modifier / structural particle)的de + Noun (describing a noun). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    beautiful漂亮piào liang的degirl女孩儿nǚ háir

    Read examples in context

    you你nǐwant要yàocold冷lěng的deor还是hái shìhot热rè的de？

    • In the opening example, 我要wǒ yàocold冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de。: cold冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de selects the cold one from the understood drinks.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The understood noun can be omitted after (modifier / structural particle)的de.
    • Descriptive modifiers often use (modifier / structural particle)的de, but established compounds such as important重要zhòng yàoquestion问题wèn tí or fresh (experience, food etc)新鲜xīn xiānfruit水果shuǐ guǒ show that syllable count alone does not impose an absolute rule.

    Use the distinction

    • cold冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de selects the cold one from the understood drinks.
    • The understood noun can be omitted after (modifier / structural particle)的de. Descriptive modifiers often use (modifier / structural particle)的de, but established compounds such as important重要zhòng yàoquestion问题wèn tí or fresh (experience, food etc)新鲜xīn xiānfruit水果shuǐ guǒ show that syllable count alone does not impose an absolute rule.

    Try it with help closed

    Two drinks are available, one cold and one hot. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 我要wǒ yàocold冷lěng(modifier / structural particle)的de。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The understood noun can be omitted after (modifier / structural particle)的de.
    • Descriptive modifiers often use (modifier / structural particle)的de, but established compounds such as important重要zhòng yàoquestion问题wèn tí or fresh (experience, food etc)新鲜xīn xiānfruit水果shuǐ guǒ show that syllable count alone does not impose an absolute rule.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    more and more越来越yuè lái yuè (more and more)

    Follow a change through the season

    • The weather becomes progressively colder as winter approaches.
    • weather天气tiān qìmore and more越来越yuè lái yuècold冷lěng(completed / change)了le。 — more and more越来越yuè lái yuè describes increasing cold over time.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is more and more越来越yuè lái yuè (more and more). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    weather天气tiān qìmore and more越来越yuè lái yuècold冷lěng了le。

    Read examples in context

    I我wǒmore and more越来越yuè lái yuèlike喜欢xǐ huanChinese中文Zhōng wén了le。

    • In the opening example, weather天气tiān qìmore and more越来越yuè lái yuècold冷lěng(completed / change)了le。: more and more越来越yuè lái yuè describes increasing cold over time.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The same form can describe a decrease in a measured quantity: price价格jià gé越来越低yuè lái yuè dī means prices are getting lower.
    • It marks change in the following property, not an increase in every numerical value.

    Use the distinction

    • more and more越来越yuè lái yuè describes increasing cold over time.
    • The same form can describe a decrease in a measured quantity: price价格jià gé越来越低yuè lái yuè dī means prices are getting lower. It marks change in the following property, not an increase in every numerical value.

    Try it with help closed

    The weather becomes progressively colder as winter approaches. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: weather天气tiān qìmore and more越来越yuè lái yuècold冷lěng(completed / change)了le。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The same form can describe a decrease in a measured quantity: price价格jià gé越来越低yuè lái yuè dī means prices are getting lower.
    • It marks change in the following property, not an increase in every numerical value.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    語彙
    練習する
    English 日本語
    maternal aunt 阿姨
    exclamation particle 啊
    short in height 矮
    to like 爱好
    quiet 安静
    object marker 把
    class 班
    to move 搬
    means 办法
    office 办公室
    half 半
    to help 帮忙
    to wrap 包
    full 饱
    north 北方
    passive marker 被
    nose 鼻子
    to compare 比较
    competition 比赛
    to have to 必须
    to change 变化
    to express 表示
    play 表演
    other people 别人
    guesthouse 宾馆
    icebox 冰箱
    only then 才
    menu 菜单
    to participate 参加
    grass 草
    layer 层
    poor 差
    supermarket 超市
    shirt 衬衫
    achievement 成绩
    city 城市
    to arrive late 迟到
    to appear 出现
    besides 除了
    kitchen 厨房
    spring 春
    word 词语
    intelligent 聪明
    to clean 打扫
    to plan 打算
    to bring 带
    anxious 担心
    cake 蛋糕
    only natural 当然
    adverbial particle 地
    area 地方
    underground railway 地铁
    map 地图
    lamp 灯
    low 低
    elevator 电梯
    electronic 电子
    east 东
    winter 冬
    animal 动物
    short 短
    section 段
    to toughen 锻炼
    how 多么
    hungry 饿
    but also 而且
    ear 耳朵
    to have a high temperature 发烧
    to notice 发现
    convenient 方便
    to put 放
    to feel relieved 放心
    minute 分
    nearby 附近
    to review 复习
    to dare 敢
    to catch cold 感冒
    clean 干净
    just now 刚才
    according to 根据
    with 跟
    more 更
    park 公园
    narrative 故事
    to blow 刮
    to close 关
    relation 关系
    to be concerned about 关心
    pertaining to 关于
    country 国家
    fruit juice 果汁
    past 过去
    still 还是
    to be afraid 害怕
    river 河
    blackboard 黑板
    passport 护照
    flower 花
    garden 花园
    to draw 画
    bad 坏
    environment 环境
    to exchange 换
    yellow 黄
    meeting 会议
    or 或者
    opportunity 机会
    extremely 极
    almost 几乎
    to remember 记得
    time 季节
    inspection 检查
    simple 简单
    to meet 见面
    health 健康
    to speak 讲
    ten cents 角
    foot 脚
    to teach 教
    to receive 接
    street 街道
    program 节目
    holiday 节日
    to marry 结婚
    termination 结束
    to solve 解决
    to borrow 借
    frequently 经常
    to pass 经过
    manager 经理
    a long time 久
    old (of things) 旧
    to conduct 举行
    sentence 句子
    to decide 决定
    adorable 可爱
    thirsty 渴
    quarter of an hour 刻
    visitor 客人
    air conditioning 空调
    mouth 口
    to cry 哭
    trousers 裤子
    chopsticks 筷子
    blue 蓝
    old 老
    to understand 了解
    to depart 离开
    gift 礼物
    history 历史
    face 脸
    to practice 练习
    measure word for vehicles 辆
    neighbor 邻居
    building 楼
    green 绿
    horse 马
    at once 马上
    satisfied 满意
    hat 帽子
    meter 米
    bread 面包
    noodles 面条
    clear 明白
    to take 拿
    grandma 奶奶
    south 南
    difficult 难
    to feel sad 难过
    grade 年级
    young 年轻
    bird 鸟
    to make an effort 努力
    to climb a mountain 爬山
    tray 盘子
    fat 胖
    beer 啤酒
    grape 葡萄
    Mandarin 普通话
    actually 其实
    other 其他
    strange 奇怪
    to ride 骑
    pencil 铅笔
    distinct 清楚
    autumn 秋
    skirt 裙子
    then 然后
    cordial 热情
    to believe 认为
    conscientious 认真
    easy 容易
    if 如果
    umbrella 伞
    to go online 上网
    to get angry 生气
    voice 声音
    to make 使
    world 世界
    thin 瘦
    father's younger brother 叔叔
    comfortable 舒服
    tree 树
    mathematics 数学
    to brush 刷
    pair 双
    level 水平
    chauffeur 司机
    although 虽然
    sun 太阳
    sugar 糖
    unusual 特别
    to hurt 疼
    to raise 提高
    sports 体育
    sweet 甜
    measure word for long thin things 条
    colleague 同事
    to agree 同意
    hair 头发
    sudden 突然
    library 图书馆
    leg 腿
    to complete 完成
    bowl 碗
    ten thousand 万
    to forget 忘记
    for 为了
    why? 为什么
    measure word for people 位
    culture 文化
    habit 习惯
    toilet 洗手间
    to bathe 洗澡
    west 西
    summer 夏
    first 先
    identical 相同
    to be convinced 相信
    banana 香蕉
    to resemble 像
    to be careful 小心
    president 校长
    shoe 鞋
    news 新闻
    fresh 新鲜
    letter 信
    suitcase 行李箱
    interest 兴趣
    panda 熊猫
    to need 需要
    to select 选择
    spectacles 眼镜
    to request 要求
    father's father 爷爷
    same 一般
    one side 一边
    surely 一定
    altogether 一共
    a moment 一会儿
    like 一样
    straight 一直
    after 以后
    before 以前
    to think 以为
    music 音乐
    bank 银行
    ought to 应该
    influence 影响
    to use 用
    game 游戏
    famous 有名
    again 又
    to run into 遇到
    to be willing 愿意
    the moon 月亮
    to exceed 越
    cloud 云
    to stand 站
    to take care of 照顾
    photograph 照片
    camera 照相机
    to worry 着急
    only 只
    the middle 中间
    at last 终于
    kind 种
    important 重要
    weekend 周末
    main 主要
    to take note of 注意
    to wish 祝
    Chinese character dictionary 字典
    oneself 自己
    always 总是
    recently 最近
    school assignment 作业
    to act on 作用
  • 2

    副詞 — 時間、焦点および頻度

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    このトピックがreligion教jiàoえること

    (concept of) time时间shí jiānand / with和héfrequency频率pín lǜadverb副词fù cí：again又yòu to express / indicate表示biǎo shìalready已yǐto happen发生fā shēng(modifier / structural particle)的devariant of 重复重复chóng fù，all along一直yì zhí and / with和hé always总是zǒng shì to express / indicate表示biǎo shì两种liǎng zhǒngdifferent不同bù tóng(modifier / structural particle)的de“always总是zǒng shì”，finally终于zhōng yú to express / indicate表示biǎo shì“finally终于zhōng yú”，only只zhǐ to express / indicate表示biǎo shì“barely仅仅jǐn jǐn”，only then / not until才cái to express / indicate表示biǎo shì“late迟chí/only then / not until才cái”，as well as以及yǐ jí三个sān gè“then / after然后rán hòu/afterwards后来hòu lái”kind类lèivocabulary词汇cí huì，furthermore还有hái yǒu(concept of) time时间shí jiānword词cí before以前yǐ qián and / with和hé just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái。 两个liǎng gèdifferent不同bù tóng(modifier / structural particle)的de“always总是zǒng shì”，finally终于zhōng yú to express / indicate表示biǎo shì“finally终于zhōng yú”，only只zhǐ to express / indicate表示biǎo shì“barely仅仅jǐn jǐn”，only then / not until才cái to express / indicate表示biǎo shì“late迟chí/only then / not until才cái”，as well as以及yǐ jí三个sān gè“then / after然后rán hòu/afterwards后来hòu lái”kind类lèivocabulary词汇cí huì，furthermore还有hái yǒu(concept of) time时间shí jiānword词cí before以前yǐ qián and / with和hé just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái。 “then / after然后rán hòu/afterwards后来hòu lái”三类sān lèiword词cí，as well as以及yǐ jí(concept of) time时间shí jiānword词cí before以前yǐ qián and / with和hé just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái。

    again又yòu……(completed / change)了le：again / then再zàiび～した（again / then再zàiJapanese variant of 发発fā）

    again又yòuto rain下雨xià yǔ(completed / change)了le！ (Yòu xiàyǔ le!) — また(literary) to rain雨yǔがto surrender降jiàngった！

    again又yòu + verb動詞dòng cí + (completed / change)了le は、to finish完wán(completed / change)了leしたcontrary反fǎnto go and return復fùをto shake振zhènりto return (to)返fǎnるto show表現biǎo xiànであり、しばしばイライラやto dislike嫌xiánJapanese variant of 恶悪èto feel感gǎnをpartner伴bànう。 「again又yòu」は(verb suffix)過去guò qùto look back回顾huí gù、「again / then再zài」はfuture未来wèi láioutlook展望zhǎn wàngである（again / then再zàito come来láifirst一次yī cì ＝ もうfor a time一度yí dùやる）。future未来wèi láiの「again / then再zài」には「(completed / change)了le」をto make使shǐわず、(verb suffix)過去guò qùの「again又yòu」にはnecessary必要bì yàoとする。 not have / haven't没有méi yǒu (completed / change)了le；(verb suffix)过去guò qù(verb) tense时态shí tài(modifier / structural particle)的de again又yòu to need需要xū yào (completed / change)了le。

    all along一直yì zhí vs always总是zǒng shì：two二èrつの「いつも」

    all along一直yì zhí は「time axis時間軸shí jiān zhóuをall along一直yì zhíthread線xiànにto pierce through貫guànく」＝ 途切tú qièれないJapanese variant of 继継jìJapanese variant of 续続xù。I / me我wǒall along一直yì zhídegree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huanyou你nǐ (wǒ yìzhí hěn xǐhuan nǐ) — personal私sīはformer times昔xīからずっとあなたがgood好hǎoきだった。

    always总是zǒng shì は「contrary反fǎnto go and return復fùするhabit習慣xí guàn」。he / him他tāalways总是zǒng shìto arrive late迟到chí dào (tā zǒngshì chídào) — that彼bǐはJapanese variant of 每毎měivariant of 回回huíJapanese variant of 迟遅chíquarter (hour)刻kèする。 その愚痴yú chīっぽいGemini (star sign)双子shuāng zito show表現biǎo xiànが always老是lǎo shì で、eye目mùを見開jiàn kāiくようなnot不bùJapanese variant of 满満mǎnをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoす。you你nǐhow / why怎么zěn mealways老是lǎo shìto arrive late迟到chí dào？ — なぜあなたは ALWAYS Japanese variant of 迟遅chíquarter (hour)刻kèするんだ！（Japanese variant of 每毎měivariant of 回回huíJapanese variant of 迟遅chíquarter (hour)刻kèする）

    「Japanese variant of 每毎měivariant of 回回huíJapanese variant of 迟遅chíquarter (hour)刻kèする」は always总是zǒng shì；「ずっと(literary) to rain雨yǔがto surrender降jiàngっていた」は all along一直yì zhí。

    finally终于zhōng yú と only只zhǐ

    finally终于zhōng yú ＝ ゴールラインにto / arrive到dàoto attain達dá：school assignment作业zuò yèfinally终于zhōng yúto make做zuòto finish完wán(completed / change)了le！ (Zuòyè zhōngyú zuò wán le!) — やっと宿題sù tíが end終zhōngわった！安堵ān dǔto feel感gǎnがto overflow溢yìれ、certainly必bìず「(completed / change)了le」をpartner伴bànい、good intention好意hǎo yì(modifier / structural particle)的deなoutcome結果jié guǒをto hint暗示àn shìする（Japanese variant of 单単dānなる「conclusion結局jié jú」なら final最后zuì hòu）。 to welcome欢迎huān yíng outcome结果jié guǒ（neutral中性zhōng xìng(modifier / structural particle)的de“final最后zuì hòu”to be / is是shì final最后zuì hòu）。

    only只zhǐ は verb動詞dòng cí に密着mì zheする。I / me我wǒ只会zhǐ huìto have / there is有yǒu一个yí gèolder brother哥哥gē gē → I / me我wǒonly have ...只有zhǐ yǒu一个yí gèolder brother哥哥gē gē (wǒ zhǐ yǒu yíge gēge) — personal私sīにはelder brother兄xiōngが一人yī rénだけいる。English (language)英語yīng yǔの "only" はposition位置wèi zhìがJapanese variant of 变変biànわるが、China中国zhōng guóto tell to語yǔの「only只zhǐ」はverb動詞dòng cíにto stick貼tiēりto pay付fùいている。 gēge)* — I / me我wǒonly have ...只有zhǐ yǒu一个yí gèbrothers兄弟xiōng dì。English (language)英语yīng yǔto hit (the mark)中zhōng(modifier / structural particle)的de “only” position位置wèi zhìflexible灵活líng huó；Chinese language中文zhōng wén only只zhǐ to have to必须bì xūto stick close to紧贴jǐn tiēverb动词dòng cí。 verb动词dòng cí。

    only then / not until才cái：Japanese variant of 迟遅chíすぎると barely

    I / me我wǒyesterday昨天zuó tiān十一点shí yì diǎnonly then / not until才cáito / arrive到dàohome家jiā。 (Wǒ zuótiān shíyī diǎn cái dào jiā.) — I / me我wǒuntil直到zhí dàoyesterday evening昨晚zuó wǎn十一点shí yì diǎnonly then / not until才cáito / arrive到dàohome家jiā。 (ongoing -ing)着zheかなかった。

    time時刻shí kèのfront前qiánに only then / not until才cái がto come来láiると、「～するまで」（Japanese variant of 迟遅chíto prolong延yán）をmeaning意味yì wèiします。a party (in a contract or…一方yī fāng、numeral数字shù zìのfront前qiánに only then / not until才cái がto come来láiると、amount数量shù liàngが「Only（わずか）」にto reduce縮小suō xiǎoします。 example例lì：he / him他tāonly then / not until才cái二十岁èr shí suì — that彼bǐはたかだか20Japanese variant of 岁歳suìだ。どちらも「予想yǔ xiǎngよりyoung少shǎoない」というニュアンスをto hold持chíちますが、 Japanese variant of 迟遅chíto prolong延yánをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoす only then / not until才cái のback後hòuには (completed / change)了le をto take取qǔらないpoint点diǎnにto take note of注意zhù yìしてください。

    before以前yǐ qián と just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái

    to have a meal吃饭chī fànbefore以前yǐ qián (chīfàn yǐqián) — to feed (a person or animal)食shíべるfront前qián。(surveying) datum基準jī zhǔnとなる(concept of) time時間shí jiānはfirst最初zuì chūにto come来láiてから、 before以前yǐ qián がJapanese variant of 续続xùきます（English (language)英語yīng yǔとはcontrary逆nìです）。文頭wén tóuでは「(verb suffix)過去guò qùに～していた」をfinger指zhǐします：before以前yǐ qiánhe / him他tāto be / is是shìcook厨师chú shī — that彼bǐはformer times昔xīはto arrange料理liào lǐperson人rénでした。 just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái (gāngcái) は(concept of) time時間shí jiānnoun名詞míng cíで、「さっき」をmeaning意味yì wèiします：you你nǐjust now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáivariant of 说说shuōwhat什么shén me(completed / change)了le？ just now刚gāng（secondary副fùword詞cí）はverb動詞dòng cíにto receive接jiēJapanese variant of 续続xùし、just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái（noun名詞míng cí）はJapanese variant of 单単dānalone独dúでto make使shǐえます。

    just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái (gāngcái) to be / is是shì (concept of) time时间shí jiānnoun名词míng cí —— “just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái”：you你nǐjust now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáivariant of 说说shuōwhat什么shén me(completed / change)了le？ just now刚gāng (to be / is是shìadverb副词fù cí) after以后yǐ hòu は(after a verb, indicates…出来chū láimatter事shìafter之后zhī hòu＝「Xafter之后zhī hòu」（to finish class下课xià kèafter以后yǐ hòu — to teach授業shòu yèのあと）、文頭wén tóuでは「これから」（I / me我wǒafter以后yǐ hòunot不bùto drink (alcohol)喝酒hē jiǔ(completed / change)了le）。then / after然后rán hòu ＝「それで／それから」、future未来wèi láiのsequence順序shùn xùとしてquestion問題wèn tíありません。afterwards后来hòu lái ＝(verb suffix)過去guò qùの「それで／そのback後hòu」、Japanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngの(after a verb, indicates…出来chū láimatter事shìがすでにend終zhōngわっているsituation場合chǎng héにto make使shǐいます：to start开始kāi shǐI / me我wǒfather and mother父母fù mǔnot不bùto agree同意tóng yì，afterwards后来hòu láito agree同意tóng yì(completed / change)了le — まずparents-in-law of one's…親qīnはcontrary反fǎnJapanese variant of 对対duìでしたが、そのback後hòuに納得nà déしました。

    三个sān gè“then / after然后rán hòu/afterwards后来hòu lái”kind类lèivocabulary词汇cí huì

    after以后yǐ hòu to receive接jiēevent事件shì jiàn = “at / in在zài……after之后zhī hòu”（to finish class下课xià kèafter以后yǐ hòu — 下课后xià kè hòu）；to place in置于zhì yústart of phrase or sentence句首jù shǒu = “从今往后cóng jīn wǎng hòu”（I / me我wǒafter以后yǐ hòunot不bùto drink (alcohol)喝酒hē jiǔ(completed / change)了le）。 then / after然后rán hòu = “then / after然后rán hòu/to catch and hold on接着jiē zhe”，to be applicable适用shì yòng(of time or place) in于yúfuture未来wèi láisequence序列xù liè。 afterwards后来hòu lái = to use in用于yòng yú(verb suffix)过去guò qù(modifier / structural particle)的de“then / after然后rán hòu/afterwards后来hòu lái”——两件事liǎng jiàn shìequal均jūnalready已yǐto happen发生fā shēng：to start开始kāi shǐI / me我wǒfather and mother父母fù mǔnot不bùto agree同意tóng yì，afterwards后来hòu láito agree同意tóng yì(completed / change)了le — originally起初qǐ chūI / me我wǒfather and mother父母fù mǔnot不bùto agree同意tóng yì；afterwards后来hòu láithey他们tā mento change改变gǎi biàn(completed / change)了leplan主意zhǔ yì。 (of time or place) in于yúfuture未来wèi láisequence序列xù liè。 afterwards后来hòu lái = to use in用于yòng yú(verb suffix)过去guò qù(modifier / structural particle)的de“then / after然后rán hòu/afterwards后来hòu lái”——两件事liǎng jiàn shìequal均jūnalready已yǐto happen发生fā shēng：to start开始kāi shǐI / me我wǒfather and mother父母fù mǔnot不bùto agree同意tóng yì，afterwards后来hòu láito agree同意tóng yì(completed / change)了le — originally起初qǐ chūI / me我wǒfather and mother父母fù mǔnot不bùto agree同意tóng yì；afterwards后来hòu láithey他们tā mento change改变gǎi biàn(completed / change)了leplan主意zhǔ yì。 originally起初qǐ chūI / me我wǒfather and mother父母fù mǔnot不bùto agree同意tóng yì；afterwards后来hòu láithey他们tā mento change改变gǎi biàn(completed / change)了leplan主意zhǔ yì。 originally起初qǐ chūI / me我wǒfather and mother父母fù mǔnot不bùto agree同意tóng yì；afterwards后来hòu láithey他们tā mento change改变gǎi biàn(completed / change)了leplan主意zhǔ yì。

    Watch out

    • afterwards后来hòu lái cannot不能bù néngto extract引出yǐn chūplan计划jì huàmaybe或huòfuture未来wèi láisequence序列xù liè——that那nàto be / is是shì then / after然后rán hòu (modifier / structural particle)的deusage用法yòng fǎ。
    • before以前yǐ qián to have to必须bì xūto place in置于zhì yúevent事件shì jiànafter之后zhī hòu：to have a meal吃饭chī fànbefore以前yǐ qián，and / but而érto not be非fēi before以前yǐ qiánto have a meal吃饭chī fàn。

    to go and return復fù(bound form) to practice習xí

    1. which哪nǎ一个yí gèto express / indicate表示biǎo shìto look back回顾huí gù，to be / is是shì again又yòu or / still还是hái shì again / then再zài？
    2. 「that彼bǐはいつもJapanese variant of 迟遅chíquarter (hour)刻kèする（Japanese variant of 每毎měivariant of 回回huí）」 — 「all along一直yì zhí」か「always总是zǒng shì」か？
    3. 「finally终于zhōng yú」はvariant of 绝絶juéJapanese variant of 对対duìにto lose失shīってはいけない(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shìwhat什么shén me(yes/no ?)吗ma？
    4. 「he / him他tāonly then / not until才cái二十岁èr shí suì」の「only then / not until才cái」のusage用法yòng fǎはどれですか？
    5. 「then / after然后rán hòu」がin the future将来jiāng láiの計画jì huàをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoすことはできますか？
    6. sequence順序shùn xù：「before eating（to feed (a person or animal)食shíべるfront前qián）」をChina中国zhōng guóto tell to語yǔでどうwords言yánうか。

    (straight正zhèngacrobatic display (esp. on…解jiě: 1. again又yòu — (verb suffix)過去guò qùのagain / then再zàito go and return復fù。 2. always总是zǒng shì；all along一直yì zhí はto link連liánJapanese variant of 续続xùする状態zhuàng tài。 3. そのlanguage文wénに「(completed / change)了le」がto keep in the mouth含hánまれている。) 4. 数詞shù cíのusage用法yòng fǎ — 「ただtwenty二十èr shíJapanese variant of 岁歳suìだけ」。 5. then / after然后rán hòu。 6. to have a meal吃饭chī fànbefore以前yǐ qián — event事件shì jiànがearly先xiān、そのback後hòuに「before以前yǐ qián」。)

  • 3

    動詞、能力および補語

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    verb動詞dòng cíとそれらがto show示shìすJapanese variant of 变変biànto make into化huà：condition状态zhuàng tàito keep保持bǎo chíto use / with用yòng「(ongoing -ing)着zhe」、(intransitive) to change变化biàn huàto use / with用yòng「(completed / change)了le」、疑問形yí wèn xíng 「(and …? / softener)呢ne」によるJapanese variant of 对対duìdialect話huà、maybe / possible可能kě néngcomplement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔ、Japanese variant of 继継jìJapanese variant of 续続xùmeaning意味yì wèiの「to go down下去xià qù」、outcome結果jié guǒcomplement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔ、 to hold持chíJapanese variant of 续続xùパターンのto show表現biǎo xiàn、to feel感gǎnJapanese variant of 觉覚jué(of sth) to move動dòngword詞cí「degree / adjective linker很hěn」のto make使shǐいpart分fēnけ。

    「(ongoing -ing)着zhe」：movement動作dòng zuòのJapanese variant of 继継jìJapanese variant of 续続xù

    门开mén kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhe。 (Mén kāizhe.) — door with only one leaf扉fēiがto open (transitive or…開kāiいている（to open (transitive or…開kāiいたままの状態zhuàng tài）。

    Verb + (ongoing -ing)着zhe はmovement動作dòng zuòをchief長zhǎngto draw (e.g. a bow)引yǐnく状態zhuàng tàiとしてto fix固定gù dìngさせる。Verb1 + (ongoing -ing)着zhe + Verb2 のstructure構造gòu zàoでは、first最初zuì chūのverb動詞dòng cíがbackground背景bèi jǐngをto set設定shè dìngする：station站zhàn(ongoing -ing)着zhevariant of 吃吃chī (zhànzhe chī) — to stand立lìちながらto feed (a person or animal)食shíべる。能動néng dòng(modifier / structural particle)的deなto advance進行jìn xíngto hit (the mark)中zhōngのmovement動作dòng zuòには「at / in在zài」をto make使shǐう（he / him他tāat / in在zàito have a meal吃饭chī fàn）。 background背景bèi jǐngをto set設定shè dìngする：station站zhàn(ongoing -ing)着zhevariant of 吃吃chī (zhànzhe chī) — to stand立lìちながらto feed (a person or animal)食shíべる。能動néng dòng(modifier / structural particle)的deなmovement動作dòng zuòがto advance進行jìn xíngしているsituation場合chǎng hé、 I / me我wǒto be hungry饿è(completed / change)了le。 (Wǒ è le.) — now今jīn、おabdomen腹fùがempty / sky空kōngいた。to rain下雨xià yǔ(completed / change)了le！ — (literary) to rain雨yǔがto surrender降jiàngっている（before以前yǐ qiánはto surrender降jiàngっていなかった）！

    Japanese variant of 变変biànto make into化huàの(completed / change)了le（le）

    English (language)英語yīng yǔで「now（now今jīn）」をto add添tiānえたいscene場面chǎng miànであれば、これがあなたの「(completed / change)了le」である：he / him他tāat or in the very same...当dāngmanager经理jīng lǐ(completed / change)了le — that彼bǐはnow今jīn、head of a (government etc)…部長bù zhǎngだ。 front前qián)！

    この (completed / change)了le はnew新xīnしい状況zhuàng kuàngをto say告gàoげる — 「今現jīn xiànat / in在zài」— to finish完wán(completed / change)了lemovement動作dòng zuòをto show示shìす (completed / change)了le とはdifferent異yìなる。 English (language)英語yīng yǔで「now」をto add something extra追加zhuī jiāしたいlocation場所chǎng suǒなら、これがあなたの (completed / change)了le である：he / him他tāat or in the very same...当dāngmanager经理jīng lǐ(completed / change)了le — that彼bǐはnow今jīn、マネージャーになった。

    (and …? / softener)呢ne？: あなたは？

    I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěngood好hǎo，you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne？ (Wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne?) — personal私sīはcurrency unit (esp. Chinese…元yuánJapanese variant of 气気qìです。あなたはどうですか？

    (and …? / softener)呢ne (ne) はto question質問zhì wènをto reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnさずに相手xiāng shǒuにto cast投tóuげto return (to)返fǎnします。(verb suffix)過去guò qùのto question質問zhì wènがないJapanese variant of 单単dānbody体tǐname名míngword詞cí＋(and …? / softener)呢ne where is it をto ask問wènう: I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decell phone手机shǒu jī(and …? / softener)呢ne？ — personal私sīのスマホはどこにあるの？

    maybe / possible可能kě néngcomplement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔと to go down下去xià qù

    you你nǐto understand (by hearing)听得懂tīng de dǒngShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎiold variant of 话话huà(yes/no ?)吗ma？ — シャンハイto tell to語yǔがpart分fēnかりますか？ 买不到mǎi bú dào — （それを）hand手shǒuにto enter入rùれない。

    (degree marker)得de = できる、not不bù = できない はverb動詞dòng cíのgap間jiānに(bound form) to clasp under…挟xiéまれ、outcome結果jié guǒにto / arrive到dàoto attain達dáすることをfinger指zhǐす（subtle微妙wēi miàoなニュアンス）。 can / be able to能néng (néng) とはdifferent異yìなる。to negate否定fǒu dìngto appear形xíng「not不bù」が話口huà kǒuでto control支配zhī pèi(modifier / structural particle)的de： everywhere で unable to make sense of…看不懂kàn bù dǒng がto make使shǐわれる。

    variant of 说说shuōto go down下去xià qù。 (Shuō xiàqù.) — dialect話huàしJapanese variant of 续続xùけてください。to go down下去xià qù はすでにto advance進行jìn xíngto hit (the mark)中zhōngのmovement動作dòng zuòをJapanese variant of 续続xùけるmeaning意味yì wèiをto hold持chíつ。 そのmaybe / possible可能kě néngto appear形xíng not不bùto go down下去xià qù = "もう(bound form) to bear耐nàiえられない": I / me我wǒto listen to听tīngnot不bùto go down下去xià qù(completed / change)了le。（これthat level or higher以上yǐ shàngto hear聞wénけなくなった）。

    outcome結果jié guǒcomplement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔとto hold持chíJapanese variant of 续続xù

    写错xiě cuò (xiě cuò) — gap間jiānto disobey違wéiってbook書shūいた・to clean打扫dǎ sǎoclean干净gān jìng — きれいにto sweep掃除sǎo chúした。verb動詞dòng cíはoperation行動xíng dòng、complement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔはそのresult成果chéng guǒである。 all全体quán tǐを not / haven't没méi (méi) でto negate否定fǒu dìngする： not / haven't没méito write写xiěto finish完wán。（book書shūかなかった／book書shūきend終zhōngえていない）。

    他学tā xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng niánChinese language中文zhōng wén。 — that彼bǐはChina中国zhōng guóto tell to語yǔを一年yī niánto do with difficulty勉強miǎn qiángした（to end終了zhōng le）。he / him他tāat / in在zàiBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīngto live住zhù(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián (completed / change)了le。 — that彼bǐはBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīngに2in the years of年間nián jiānto live住zhùんでいる（now現在xiàn zàiもJapanese variant of 继継jìJapanese variant of 续続xùto hit (the mark)中zhōng）。one / a一yīつの (completed / change)了le = to finish完wán(completed / change)了leしたperiod of time期間qī jiān、two二èrつの (completed / change)了le = now今jīnもJapanese variant of 续続xùいている（"それsince (some point in the…以降yǐ jiàngも"）。 purpose目的mù dìto tell to語yǔがあるsituation場合chǎng hé、verb動詞dòng cíをto reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnす： to learn学xuéChinese language中文zhōng wén to learn学xué(completed / change)了le一年yī nián.

    not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ とto feel感gǎnJapanese variant of 觉覚jué(of sth) to move動dòngword詞cí

    not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ + verb動詞dòng cí = ～するmethod方法fāng fǎがない: not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎto open打开dǎ kāi — to open (transitive or…開kāiけるmethod方法fāng fǎがない。Japanese variant of 单単dānalone独dúでは not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ はshoulder肩jiānすくいの "どうしようもないね"。 "what何héができるか"

    I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huan这部zhè bùmovie电影diàn yǐng。 (Wǒ hěn xǐhuan zhè bù diànyǐng.) — personal私sīはこの映画yìng huàがとてもgood好hǎoきだ。

    to feel感gǎnJapanese variant of 觉覚jué(of sth) to move動dòngword詞cí（to like喜欢xǐ huan， want / think / miss想xiǎng， to love爱ài， to understand了解liǎo jiě， to dislike讨厌tǎo yàn）はto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíのようにfunction機能jī néngし、degree / adjective linker很hěn (hěn) をto take取qǔるため 初心者chū xīn zhěは「degree / adjective linker很hěn like」とwords言yánう。動作動dòng zuò dòngword詞cíはto make使shǐわない：degree / adjective linker很hěnvariant of 吃吃chī ✗。

    to take note of注意zhù yì

    • (completed / change)了le は(after a verb, indicates…出来chū láimatter事shìをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoし、outcome結果jié guǒcomplement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔはoutcome結果jié guǒをto show示shìす — language文wénに to finish完wán(completed / change)了leした(after a verb, indicates…出来chū láimatter事shìとto reach (an agreement)達成dá chéngされなかったoutcome結果jié guǒがto keep in the mouth含hánまれる：I / me我wǒto listen to听tīng(completed / change)了le，but但是dàn shìnot / haven't没méito understand (on hearing)听懂tīng dǒng。
    • really真zhēnのsecondary副fùword詞cí（not不bù、also也yě、all / both都dōu）には (adverb -ly)地de をto take取qǔらない。

    to go and return復fù(bound form) to practice習xí

    1. 门开mén kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhe — to open (transitive or…開kāiいている最中zuì zhōngか、to open (transitive or…開kāiいてto stop止zhǐまっている状態zhuàng tàiか？
    2. どの (completed / change)了le が「now今jīn、new新xīnしい状況zhuàng kuàng」をmeaning意味yì wèiするか？
    3. I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decell phone手机shǒu jī(and …? / softener)呢ne？ はwhat何héをto ask問wènうているか？
    4. to buy买mǎi(completed / change)了le と to buy买mǎi(completed / change)了le……(completed / change)了le — to finish完wán(completed / change)了leしているか、まだto advance進行jìn xíngto hit (the mark)中zhōngか？
    5. なぜ degree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huan はgrammar文法wén fǎ(modifier / structural particle)的deだが degree / adjective linker很hěnvariant of 吃吃chī はそうではないのか？

    (to answer答dáえ: 1. to open (transitive or…開kāiいてto stop止zhǐまっている状態zhuàng tài — (ongoing -ing)着zhe は状態zhuàng tài、at / in在zài はto advance進行jìn xíngをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoす。2. この 状態zhuàng tàiJapanese variant of 变変biànto make into化huàの (completed / change)了le 。3. 「personal私sīのスマホはどこにある？」 4. to buy买mǎi(completed / change)了le はto finish完wán(completed / change)了le；to live住zhù(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián(completed / change)了le はまだto advance進行jìn xíngto hit (the mark)中zhōng。 5. to feel感gǎnJapanese variant of 觉覚jué(of sth) to move動dòngword詞cíはto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíのようにto shake振zhènるto dance舞wǔい、動作動dòng zuò dòngword詞cíは degree / adjective linker很hěn をto take取qǔらない。)

  • 4

    比較

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    このトピックがreligion教jiàoえること

    to compare比較bǐ jiàoのツールキット：than / compared to比bǐ は「〜より」、not have / haven't没有méi yǒu は「〜ほど…ない」、with / and跟gēn……than / compared to比bǐ((after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái) は (surveying) datum基準jī zhǔnをahead前面qián miànにvariant of 出 (classifier…出chūす、more更gèng/still / also还hái は「さらに」、many多duō(completed / change)了le はsee 大夫大dàきなused in 参差差chà、そして to have / there is有yǒu の 疑問文yí wèn wén。

    than / compared to比bǐ: 〜より

    this这zhè本书běn shūthan / compared to比bǐ那本书nà běn shūexpensive贵guì。 (Zhè běn shū bǐ nà běn shū guì.) — このroot本běnのsquare方fāngがあのroot本běnよりhigh高gāoい だ。

    structure構造gòu zàoは A + than / compared to比bǐ + B + to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíで、to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíには degree / adjective linker很hěn をto take取qǔらない — degree程度chéng dùは more更gèng/still / also还hái/many多duō(completed / change)了le からto come来láiる。than / compared to比bǐhe / him他tādegree / adjective linker很hěnhigh高gāo ✗。

    not have / haven't没有méi yǒu：～ほど…ない

    小张xiǎo zhāngnot have / haven't没有méi yǒusmall小xiǎo李高lǐ gāo。 (Xiǎo Zhāng méiyǒu Xiǎo Lǐ gāo.) — 小張xiǎo zhāngはthe Korean Yi or Lee…李氏lǐ shìよりthe back of a body or object背bèiがhigh高gāoいわけではない。 the Korean Yi or Lee…李氏lǐ shìよりもthe back of a body or object背bèiがlow低dīい。

    「to hold持chíたない」をmeaning意味yì wèiする not have / haven't没有méi yǒu が、to compare比較bǐ jiàoのto show表現biǎo xiànとしてもfunction機能jī néngする。to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíはそのままJapanese variant of 续続xùく：not have / haven't没有méi yǒu you你nǐhigh高gāo ✓（high高gāoい）だが、to decide決juéして not have / haven't没有méi yǒuyou你nǐdegree / adjective linker很hěnhigh高gāo ✗（to hold持chíたない・high高gāoい）とはwords言yánう。to emphasize (a statement)強調qiáng diàoしたいsituation場合chǎng hé、like that那么nà me をto add加jiāえる：not have / haven't没有méi yǒuhe / him他tālike that那么nà mebusy忙máng.

    with / and跟gēn……than / compared to比bǐ((after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái)：(surveying) datum基準jī zhǔnをearly先xiānにto show示shìす

    with / and跟gēnShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎithan / compared to比bǐ，I / me我wǒnative place老家lǎo jiā(modifier / structural particle)的de(commodity) prices物价wù jiàdegree / adjective linker很hěnlow低dī。 — Shanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎiとto compare比較bǐ jiàoすると、happening故gùJapanese variant of 乡郷xiāngのthing物wùJapanese variant of 价価sìはvery非常fēi chángにlow低dīい。 very非常fēi chángにlow低dīい。

    with / and跟gēn A than / compared to比bǐ((after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái) は A を(surveying) datum基準jī zhǔnとしてto point out提示tí shìし、その(bound form) up上shàngで B について(bound form) to state述shùべる——このsituation場合chǎng hé、degree / adjective linker很hěn は 許容xǔ róngされる。 なぜなら、それはdirect (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiēの「A-than / compared to比bǐ-B」ではなく、B にJapanese variant of 对対duìするto discuss評píngJapanese variant of 价価sìだからである。

    more更gèng / still / also还hái：さらに〜

    he / him他tāthan / compared to比bǐYao Ming (1980-), retired…姚明yáo míngstill / also还háihigh高gāo。 (Tā bǐ Yáo Míng hái gāo.) — that彼bǐはYao Ming (1980-), retired…姚明yáo míngよりもさらにthe back of a body or object背bèiがhigh高gāoい。

    to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíのfront前qiánに more更gèng/still / also还hái をto install置zhìくと「さらに」というmeaning意味yì wèiになる—— still / also还hái はstill静jìngかに「（B はもともとすでに）」とto recognize認rènめる。 empty / sky空kōngのようにhigh高gāoい」というニュアンスをto keep in the mouth含hánむ。

    many多duō(completed / change)了le：see 大夫大dàきなused in 参差差chà

    phonetic writing拼音pīn yīnthan / compared to比bǐChinese character汉字hàn zìeasy容易róng yìmany多duō(completed / change)了le。 — ローマletter字zìはChinese character漢字hàn zìよりずっとsimple簡jiǎnJapanese variant of 单単dānだ。

    used in 参差差chàのsee 大夫大dàきさを文末wén mòでto survey測cèる：see 大夫大dàきなused in 参差差chà → many多duō(completed / change)了le/(degree marker)得demany多duō/很多hěn duō；small小xiǎoさなused in 参差差chà → a bit一点yì diǎn (easy容易róng yìa bit一点yì diǎn)。 variant of 绝絶juéJapanese variant of 对対duìに many多duō(completed / change)了lehigh高gāo ✗ とはwords言yánわない—— many多duō(completed / change)了le はto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíのback後hòuにto come来láiる。

    Try it. (bound form) self自zìpart分fēnのto live住zhùむcity都市dū shìとBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīngをto compare比較bǐ jiàoしてみよう：……than / compared to比bǐBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīng……many多duō(completed / change)了le。

    to take note of注意zhù yì

    • A than / compared to比bǐ 構文gòu wénに degree / adjective linker很hěn/very非常fēi cháng をto make使shǐうことは never —— これはこのトピックにおけるclassical古典gǔ diǎn(modifier / structural particle)的deなgap間jiānto disobey違wéiいである。

    to go and return復fù(bound form) to practice習xí

    1. basic基本jī běn(modifier / structural particle)的de「than / compared to比bǐ」の文型wén xíngをto answer答dáえてください。
    2. 「than / compared to比bǐ」と「not have / haven't没有méi yǒu」のどちらがto compare比較bǐ jiàoをto negate否定fǒu dìngする言葉yán yèになりますか？
    3. 「with / and跟gēnShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎithan / compared to比bǐ」は、Japanese variant of 单単dānalone独dúの「than / compared to比bǐ」ではto make使shǐえないどの言葉yán yèを許容xǔ róngしますか？
    4. 「many多duō(completed / change)了le」はto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíのfront前qiánにto come来láiるのか、back後hòuろにあるのか。
    5. to revise修正xiū zhèng：he / him他tāthan / compared to比bǐI / me我wǒvery非常fēi chánghigh高gāo。

    (to solve (a problem)解答jiě dá: 1. A + than / compared to比bǐ + B + to describe形容xíng róngword詞cí。 2. not have / haven't没有méi yǒu: I / me我wǒnot have / haven't没有méi yǒuyou你nǐhigh高gāo。 3. degree / adjective linker很hěn — この文型wén xíngは コメントであり、direct (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiē(modifier / structural particle)的deなA-than / compared to比bǐ-Bstructure構造gòu zàoではありません。 4. （高多gāo duō(completed / change)了le）のback後hòuにto install置zhìきます。 5. he / him他tāthan / compared to比bǐI / me我wǒhigh高gāo、または he / him他tāthan / compared to比bǐI / me我wǒstill / also还háihigh高gāo。)

  • 5

    助詞、名詞および数

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    Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

    Time / Verb + before以前yǐ qián (before …)

    A deadline comes before a named time

    • You ask a friend to return before three o'clock.
    • 三点sān diǎnbefore以前yǐ qiánto return回来huí lái。 — The return should happen before the stated three-o'clock boundary.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Time / Verb + before以前yǐ qián (before …). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    three o'clock三点sān diǎnbefore以前yǐ qiáncome back回来huí lái。

    Read examples in context

    sleep睡觉shuì jiàobefore以前yǐ qiánbrush teeth刷牙shuā yá。

    • In the opening example, 三点sān diǎnbefore以前yǐ qiánto return回来huí lái。: The return should happen before the stated three-o'clock boundary.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • before以前yǐ qián follows its reference time or action.
    • to go to bed睡觉shuì jiàobefore以前yǐ qiánto brush one's teeth刷牙shuā yá places brushing before sleeping, not after it; separate a deadline from a duration.

    Use the distinction

    • The return should happen before the stated three-o'clock boundary.
    • before以前yǐ qián follows its reference time or action. to go to bed睡觉shuì jiàobefore以前yǐ qiánto brush one's teeth刷牙shuā yá places brushing before sleeping, not after it; separate a deadline from a duration.

    Try it with help closed

    You ask a friend to return before three o'clock. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 三点sān diǎnbefore以前yǐ qiánto return回来huí lái。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • before以前yǐ qián follows its reference time or action.
    • to go to bed睡觉shuì jiàobefore以前yǐ qiánto brush one's teeth刷牙shuā yá places brushing before sleeping, not after it; separate a deadline from a duration.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    before以前yǐ qián，… (in the past, …)

    An earlier home differs from a current one

    • You explain that you used to live in Beijing but now live elsewhere.
    • before以前yǐ qiánI / me我wǒto live住zhùat / in在zàiBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīng。 — before以前yǐ qián introduces an earlier period of residence.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is before以前yǐ qián，… (in the past, …). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    in the past以前yǐ qián，I我wǒlive住zhùin在zàiBeijing北京Běi jīng。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, before以前yǐ qiánI / me我wǒto live住zhùat / in在zàiBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīng。: before以前yǐ qián introduces an earlier period of residence.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The current contrast comes from context.
    • The sentence alone need not tell us the exact dates or all later homes. Compare 三点sān diǎnbefore以前yǐ qián, where before以前yǐ qián follows a specific reference point.

    Use the distinction

    • before以前yǐ qián introduces an earlier period of residence.
    • The current contrast comes from context. The sentence alone need not tell us the exact dates or all later homes. Compare 三点sān diǎnbefore以前yǐ qián, where before以前yǐ qián follows a specific reference point.

    Try it with help closed

    You explain that you used to live in Beijing but now live elsewhere. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: before以前yǐ qiánI / me我wǒto live住zhùat / in在zàiBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīng。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The current contrast comes from context.
    • The sentence alone need not tell us the exact dates or all later homes. Compare 三点sān diǎnbefore以前yǐ qián, where before以前yǐ qián follows a specific reference point.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái (a moment ago)

    A friend asks you to repeat the earlier news

    • You did not hear a friend's last sentence clearly.
    • you你nǐjust now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáivariant of 说说shuōwhat什么shén me？ — just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái asks about speech in the recent past.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái (a moment ago). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    a moment ago刚才gāng cáihe他tācome来lái了le。

    Read examples in context

    you你nǐa moment ago刚才gāng cáisay说shuōwhat什么shén me？

    • In the opening example, you你nǐjust now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáivariant of 说说shuōwhat什么shén me？: just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái asks about speech in the recent past.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái is a time expression: just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáihe / him他tāat / in在zàihere这儿zhè ér and he / him他tājust now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáiat / in在zàihere这儿zhè ér both work.
    • It can describe a state or a negated action, as in just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáinot / haven't没méito hear听见tīng jiàn; (completed / change)了le is not compulsory.

    Use the distinction

    • just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái asks about speech in the recent past.
    • just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái is a time expression: just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáihe / him他tāat / in在zàihere这儿zhè ér and he / him他tājust now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáiat / in在zàihere这儿zhè ér both work. It can describe a state or a negated action, as in just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáinot / haven't没méito hear听见tīng jiàn; (completed / change)了le is not compulsory.

    Try it with help closed

    You did not hear a friend's last sentence clearly. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: you你nǐjust now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáivariant of 说说shuōwhat什么shén me？

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cái is a time expression: just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáihe / him他tāat / in在zàihere这儿zhè ér and he / him他tājust now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáiat / in在zàihere这儿zhè ér both work.
    • It can describe a state or a negated action, as in just now (variant of 刚才)刚才gāng cáinot / haven't没méito hear听见tīng jiàn; (completed / change)了le is not compulsory.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Time / Verb + o'clock时shí (when …)

    Attach an event to a time

    • You reached a friend's home when the friend was out.
    • I / me我wǒ来时lái shí，he / him他tānot不bùat / in在zài。 — o'clock时shí ties the absence to the time of your arrival.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Time / Verb + o'clock时shí (when …). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    I我wǒcome来láiwhen时shí，he他tānot不bùbe in在zài。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, I / me我wǒ来时lái shí，he / him他tānot不bùat / in在zài。: o'clock时shí ties the absence to the time of your arrival.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • o'clock时shí is a shorter, often more formal version of (modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu.
    • It can also occur in a future instruction, as in you你nǐ来时lái shíto tell告诉gào sùI / me我wǒ; it does not itself supply past tense.

    Use the distinction

    • o'clock时shí ties the absence to the time of your arrival.
    • o'clock时shí is a shorter, often more formal version of (modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu. It can also occur in a future instruction, as in you你nǐ来时lái shíto tell告诉gào sùI / me我wǒ; it does not itself supply past tense.

    Try it with help closed

    You reached a friend's home when the friend was out. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: I / me我wǒ来时lái shí，he / him他tānot不bùat / in在zài。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • o'clock时shí is a shorter, often more formal version of (modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu.
    • It can also occur in a future instruction, as in you你nǐ来时lái shíto tell告诉gào sùI / me我wǒ; it does not itself supply past tense.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    after以后yǐ hòu (after / in the future)

    Class ends before the trip home

    • You plan to go home after class.
    • to finish class下课xià kèafter以后yǐ hòuto return home回家huí jiā。 — Class ending is the reference point before going home.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is after以后yǐ hòu (after / in the future). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    in the future以后yǐ hòu，I我wǒwant想xiǎngbe当dāngteacher老师lǎo shī。

    Read examples in context

    finish class下课xià kèafter以后yǐ hòugo home回家huí jiā。

    • In the opening example, to finish class下课xià kèafter以后yǐ hòuto return home回家huí jiā。: Class ending is the reference point before going home.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • after以后yǐ hòu may relate two past events too: graduation毕业bì yèafter以后yǐ hòu，I / me我wǒto go去qù(completed / change)了leShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi.
    • Alone, after以后yǐ hòu often means in the future; after a reference event it means after that event.

    Use the distinction

    • Class ending is the reference point before going home.
    • after以后yǐ hòu may relate two past events too: graduation毕业bì yèafter以后yǐ hòu，I / me我wǒto go去qù(completed / change)了leShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi. Alone, after以后yǐ hòu often means in the future; after a reference event it means after that event.

    Try it with help closed

    You plan to go home after class. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: to finish class下课xià kèafter以后yǐ hòuto return home回家huí jiā。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • after以后yǐ hòu may relate two past events too: graduation毕业bì yèafter以后yǐ hòu，I / me我wǒto go去qù(completed / change)了leShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi.
    • Alone, after以后yǐ hòu often means in the future; after a reference event it means after that event.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    … ，afterwards后来hòu lái … (afterwards / later — past)

    A past story has a later turn

    • You tell someone that you visited Beijing and later visited Shanghai.
    • early先xiānto go去qù(completed / change)了leBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīng，afterwards后来hòu láito go去qù(completed / change)了leShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。 — afterwards后来hòu lái links the later part of the past story to the earlier visit.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is … ，afterwards后来hòu lái … (afterwards / later — past). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    I我wǒfirst先xiāngo去qù了leBeijing北京Běi jīng，later后来hòu láigo去qù了leShanghai上海Shàng hǎi。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, early先xiānto go去qù(completed / change)了leBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīng，afterwards后来hòu láito go去qù(completed / change)了leShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。: afterwards后来hòu lái links the later part of the past story to the earlier visit.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • For a future plan prefer then / after然后rán hòu or after以后yǐ hòu.
    • Later does not require immediate succession; afterwards后来hòu lái can cover a gap whose length the sentence leaves unspecified.

    Use the distinction

    • afterwards后来hòu lái links the later part of the past story to the earlier visit.
    • For a future plan prefer then / after然后rán hòu or after以后yǐ hòu. Later does not require immediate succession; afterwards后来hòu lái can cover a gap whose length the sentence leaves unspecified.

    Try it with help closed

    You tell someone that you visited Beijing and later visited Shanghai. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: early先xiānto go去qù(completed / change)了leBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīng，afterwards后来hòu láito go去qù(completed / change)了leShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • For a future plan prefer then / after然后rán hòu or after以后yǐ hòu.
    • Later does not require immediate succession; afterwards后来hòu lái can cover a gap whose length the sentence leaves unspecified.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Approximating with sequential numbers

    An estimate differs from a sum

    • You did not count the visitors exactly but saw roughly five or six.
    • to come来lái(completed / change)了le五六个wǔ liù gèperson人rén。 — 五六wǔ liù estimates about five or six people.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Approximating with sequential numbers. Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    come来lái了lefive or six五六wǔ liù(measure word)个gepeople人rén。

    Read examples in context

    here这儿zhèrhave有yǒuten-something十几shí jǐ(measure word)本běnbook书shū。

    • In the opening example, to come来lái(completed / change)了le五六个wǔ liù gèperson人rén。: 五六wǔ liù estimates about five or six people.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • Adjacent-number estimates are not addition: 五六wǔ liù is not eleven.
    • The common estimate 两三个liǎng sān gè uses two两liǎng. Learn established forms instead of concatenating any pair of numerals.

    Use the distinction

    • 五六wǔ liù estimates about five or six people.
    • Adjacent-number estimates are not addition: 五六wǔ liù is not eleven. The common estimate 两三个liǎng sān gè uses two两liǎng. Learn established forms instead of concatenating any pair of numerals.

    Try it with help closed

    You did not count the visitors exactly but saw roughly five or six. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: to come来lái(completed / change)了le五六个wǔ liù gèperson人rén。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Adjacent-number estimates are not addition: 五六wǔ liù is not eleven.
    • The common estimate 两三个liǎng sān gè uses two两liǎng. Learn established forms instead of concatenating any pair of numerals.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Big numbers: ten thousand万wàn / 100 million亿yì

    Convert a large population by groups of four digits

    • A city has ten million residents in this invented example.
    • this这个zhè gecity城市chéng shìto have / there is有yǒu一千万yī qiān wànperson人rén。 — 一千万yī qiān wàn equals 1,000 groups of 10,000, or 10,000,000.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Big numbers: ten thousand万wàn / 100 million亿yì. Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    this这zhè(measure word)个gecity城市chéng shìhave有yǒuten million一千万yì qiān wànpeople人rén。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, this这个zhè gecity城市chéng shìto have / there is有yǒu一千万yī qiān wànperson人rén。: 一千万yī qiān wàn equals 1,000 groups of 10,000, or 10,000,000.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • ten thousand万wàn is 10,000 and 100 million亿yì is 100,000,000.
    • 一百万yì bǎi wàn is 1,000,000; read the multiplier and unit together instead of importing English three-digit grouping.

    Use the distinction

    • 一千万yī qiān wàn equals 1,000 groups of 10,000, or 10,000,000.
    • ten thousand万wàn is 10,000 and 100 million亿yì is 100,000,000. 一百万yì bǎi wàn is 1,000,000; read the multiplier and unit together instead of importing English three-digit grouping.

    Try it with help closed

    A city has ten million residents in this invented example. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: this这个zhè gecity城市chéng shìto have / there is有yǒu一千万yī qiān wànperson人rén。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • ten thousand万wàn is 10,000 and 100 million亿yì is 100,000,000.
    • 一百万yì bǎi wàn is 1,000,000; read the multiplier and unit together instead of importing English three-digit grouping.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Times to the minute (point点diǎn … part分fēn)

    A meeting starts halfway through the hour

    • A meeting begins at 2:30 rather than lasting for half an hour.
    • meeting会议huì yì两点liǎng diǎnhalf半bànto start开始kāi shǐ。 — 两点liǎng diǎnhalf半bàn names the clock time 2:30.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Times to the minute (point点diǎn … part分fēn). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    now现在xiàn zàithree o'clock三点sān diǎnfifteen minutes十五分shí wǔ fēn。

    Read examples in context

    • In the opening example, meeting会议huì yì两点liǎng diǎnhalf半bànto start开始kāi shǐ。: 两点liǎng diǎnhalf半bàn names the clock time 2:30.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • half半bàn after point点diǎn means half past the hour.
    • half of sth半个bàn gèhour小时xiǎo shí is a duration of thirty minutes; 三点sān diǎn十五分shí wǔ fēn is 3:15. Do not confuse a clock time with elapsed time.

    Use the distinction

    • 两点liǎng diǎnhalf半bàn names the clock time 2:30.
    • half半bàn after point点diǎn means half past the hour. half of sth半个bàn gèhour小时xiǎo shí is a duration of thirty minutes; 三点sān diǎn十五分shí wǔ fēn is 3:15. Do not confuse a clock time with elapsed time.

    Try it with help closed

    A meeting begins at 2:30 rather than lasting for half an hour. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: meeting会议huì yì两点liǎng diǎnhalf半bànto start开始kāi shǐ。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • half半bàn after point点diǎn means half past the hour.
    • half of sth半个bàn gèhour小时xiǎo shí is a duration of thirty minutes; 三点sān diǎn十五分shí wǔ fēn is 3:15. Do not confuse a clock time with elapsed time.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Telling the hour (Number + point点diǎn)

    Read the hour in a natural spoken form

    • You tell a friend that class finishes at three o'clock.
    • 三点sān diǎnto finish class下课xià kè。 — 三点sān diǎn gives the clock hour, not the duration of class.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Telling the hour (Number + point点diǎn). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    I我wǒthree o'clock三点sān diǎnfinish class下课xià kè。

    Read examples in context

    now现在xiàn zàitwo o'clock两点liǎng diǎn。

    • In the opening example, 三点sān diǎnto finish class下课xià kè。: 三点sān diǎn gives the clock hour, not the duration of class.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • Use 两点liǎng diǎn as the usual spoken form for two o'clock and 三点钟sān diǎn zhōng as a full form for three.
    • Numbers read as digits in codes are a different task from ordinary clock speech.

    Use the distinction

    • 三点sān diǎn gives the clock hour, not the duration of class.
    • Use 两点liǎng diǎn as the usual spoken form for two o'clock and 三点钟sān diǎn zhōng as a full form for three. Numbers read as digits in codes are a different task from ordinary clock speech.

    Try it with help closed

    You tell a friend that class finishes at three o'clock. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 三点sān diǎnto finish class下课xià kè。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Use 两点liǎng diǎn as the usual spoken form for two o'clock and 三点钟sān diǎn zhōng as a full form for three.
    • Numbers read as digits in codes are a different task from ordinary clock speech.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Verb + (ongoing -ing)着zhe (ongoing state)

    A door remains in a state

    • You describe a door that is standing open, without saying who opened it.
    • 门开mén kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhe。 — (ongoing -ing)着zhe presents the continuing open state.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Verb + (ongoing -ing)着zhe (ongoing state). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    door门ménopen开kāi(state)着zhe。

    Read examples in context

    he他tāsit坐zuò(state)着zheread看书kàn shū。

    • In the opening example, 门开mén kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhe。: (ongoing -ing)着zhe presents the continuing open state.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • Compare he / him他tāin the middle of正在zhèng zàito open a door (lit. and…开门kāi mén, which focuses on the opening action.
    • (ongoing -ing)着zhe is not restricted to still positions: he / him他tāto laugh笑xiào(ongoing -ing)着zhevariant of 说说shuō describes speaking while smiling. Its neutral-tone reading zhe differs from to fall asleep睡着shuì zháo(modifier / structural particle)的de zháo.

    Use the distinction

    • (ongoing -ing)着zhe presents the continuing open state.
    • Compare he / him他tāin the middle of正在zhèng zàito open a door (lit. and…开门kāi mén, which focuses on the opening action. (ongoing -ing)着zhe is not restricted to still positions: he / him他tāto laugh笑xiào(ongoing -ing)着zhevariant of 说说shuō describes speaking while smiling. Its neutral-tone reading zhe differs from to fall asleep睡着shuì zháo(modifier / structural particle)的de zháo.

    Try it with help closed

    You describe a door that is standing open, without saying who opened it. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: 门开mén kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhe。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Compare he / him他tāin the middle of正在zhèng zàito open a door (lit. and…开门kāi mén, which focuses on the opening action.
    • (ongoing -ing)着zhe is not restricted to still positions: he / him他tāto laugh笑xiào(ongoing -ing)着zhevariant of 说说shuō describes speaking while smiling. Its neutral-tone reading zhe differs from to fall asleep睡着shuì zháo(modifier / structural particle)的de zháo.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Sentence-final (completed / change)了le (change of state)

    Hunger becomes a new situation

    • You were not hungry before, but now want food.
    • I / me我wǒto be hungry饿è(completed / change)了le。 — Final (completed / change)了le marks hunger as a new relevant state.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Sentence-final (completed / change)了le (change of state). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    rain下雨xià yǔ了le。

    Read examples in context

    I我wǒhungry饿è了le。

    • In the opening example, I / me我wǒto be hungry饿è(completed / change)了le。: Final (completed / change)了le marks hunger as a new relevant state.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • This (completed / change)了le does not mean finished being hungry.
    • Verb-(completed / change)了le marks perfective aspect in other uses; do not translate every (completed / change)了le as a past-tense or completed-action ending.

    Use the distinction

    • Final (completed / change)了le marks hunger as a new relevant state.
    • This (completed / change)了le does not mean finished being hungry. Verb-(completed / change)了le marks perfective aspect in other uses; do not translate every (completed / change)了le as a past-tense or completed-action ending.

    Try it with help closed

    You were not hungry before, but now want food. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: I / me我wǒto be hungry饿è(completed / change)了le。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • This (completed / change)了le does not mean finished being hungry.
    • Verb-(completed / change)了le marks perfective aspect in other uses; do not translate every (completed / change)了le as a past-tense or completed-action ending.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Questions with (and …? / softener)呢ne (and you? / where?)

    A short follow-up relies on context

    • A friend says where they live and then asks about you.
    • I / me我wǒto live住zhùat / in在zàiShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi，you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne？ — you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne asks where you live, borrowing the topic from the preceding clause.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is Questions with (and …? / softener)呢ne (and you? / where?). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    I我wǒfine很好hěn hǎo，you你nǐ呢ne？

    Read examples in context

    my我wǒ的dekeys钥匙yào shi呢ne？

    • In the opening example, I / me我wǒto live住zhùat / in在zàiShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi，you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne？: you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne asks where you live, borrowing the topic from the preceding clause.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • The same you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne can ask about your health after I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěngood好hǎo.
    • I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的dekey钥匙yào shi(and …? / softener)呢ne can ask where the keys are. The noun and (and …? / softener)呢ne do not determine the full question without context.

    Use the distinction

    • you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne asks where you live, borrowing the topic from the preceding clause.
    • The same you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne can ask about your health after I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěngood好hǎo. I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的dekey钥匙yào shi(and …? / softener)呢ne can ask where the keys are. The noun and (and …? / softener)呢ne do not determine the full question without context.

    Try it with help closed

    A friend says where they live and then asks about you. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: I / me我wǒto live住zhùat / in在zàiShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi，you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne？

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • The same you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne can ask about your health after I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěngood好hǎo.
    • I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的dekey钥匙yào shi(and …? / softener)呢ne can ask where the keys are. The noun and (and …? / softener)呢ne do not determine the full question without context.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    (modifier / structural particle)的de / (degree marker)得de / (adverb -ly)地de (the three “de”)

    One pronunciation fills three different roles

    • You describe a careful student's careful reading.
    • conscientious认真rèn zhēn(modifier / structural particle)的destudent学生xué shēngconscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地deto read a book读书dú shū，读得dú dédegree / adjective linker很hěnclear清楚qīng chǔ。 — (modifier / structural particle)的de modifies student学生xué shēng; (adverb -ly)地de marks the manner of to read out读dú; (degree marker)得de introduces the quality of reading.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is (modifier / structural particle)的de / (degree marker)得de / (adverb -ly)地de (the three “de”). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    my我wǒ('s)的debook书shū。

    Read examples in context

    he他tārun跑pǎo(degree)得devery很hěnfast快kuài。

    • In the opening example, conscientious认真rèn zhēn(modifier / structural particle)的destudent学生xué shēngconscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地deto read a book读书dú shū，读得dú dédegree / adjective linker很hěnclear清楚qīng chǔ。: (modifier / structural particle)的de modifies student学生xué shēng; (adverb -ly)地de marks the manner of to read out读dú; (degree marker)得de introduces the quality of reading.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • Find the grammatical role rather than relying only on the next character.
    • I / me我wǒvariant of 说说shuō(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shìtruth实话shí huà contains (modifier / structural particle)的de before to be / is是shì, because (modifier / structural particle)的de closes a noun-like phrase; the simple before-noun rule is a beginner guide.

    Use the distinction

    • (modifier / structural particle)的de modifies student学生xué shēng; (adverb -ly)地de marks the manner of to read out读dú; (degree marker)得de introduces the quality of reading.
    • Find the grammatical role rather than relying only on the next character. I / me我wǒvariant of 说说shuō(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shìtruth实话shí huà contains (modifier / structural particle)的de before to be / is是shì, because (modifier / structural particle)的de closes a noun-like phrase; the simple before-noun rule is a beginner guide.

    Try it with help closed

    You describe a careful student's careful reading. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: conscientious认真rèn zhēn(modifier / structural particle)的destudent学生xué shēngconscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地deto read a book读书dú shū，读得dú dédegree / adjective linker很hěnclear清楚qīng chǔ。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Find the grammatical role rather than relying only on the next character.
    • I / me我wǒvariant of 说说shuō(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shìtruth实话shí huà contains (modifier / structural particle)的de before to be / is是shì, because (modifier / structural particle)的de closes a noun-like phrase; the simple before-noun rule is a beginner guide.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de (some / some…, others…)

    A group contains different preferences

    • Several classmates prefer tea while other classmates prefer coffee.
    • to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto study at the same school同学tóng xuéto like喜欢xǐ huantea茶chá，to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto like喜欢xǐ huancoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi。 — to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de divides the understood group into subsets.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de (some / some…, others…). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    some有的yǒu depeople人rénlike喜欢xǐ huantea茶chá。

    Read examples in context

    some有的yǒu deexpensive贵guì，some有的yǒu decheap便宜pián yi。

    • In the opening example, to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto study at the same school同学tóng xuéto like喜欢xǐ huantea茶chá，to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto like喜欢xǐ huancoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi。: to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de divides the understood group into subsets.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • It does not give their sizes, and more than two groups are possible: to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto read看书kàn shū，to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto chat聊天liáo tiān，to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè.
    • Do not infer that each group is half the class.

    Use the distinction

    • to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de divides the understood group into subsets.
    • It does not give their sizes, and more than two groups are possible: to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto read看书kàn shū，to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto chat聊天liáo tiān，to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè. Do not infer that each group is half the class.

    Try it with help closed

    Several classmates prefer tea while other classmates prefer coffee. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto study at the same school同学tóng xuéto like喜欢xǐ huantea茶chá，to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto like喜欢xǐ huancoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • It does not give their sizes, and more than two groups are possible: to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto read看书kàn shū，to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto chat聊天liáo tiān，to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè.
    • Do not infer that each group is half the class.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    half半bàn (half / and a half)

    A duration adds half an hour

    • You studied for ninety minutes.
    • I / me我wǒto learn学习xué xí(completed / change)了leone and a half一个半yí gè bànhour小时xiǎo shí。 — one and a half一个半yí gè bànhour小时xiǎo shí measures one and a half hours.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is half半bàn (half / and a half). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    half半bàn(measure word)个geapple苹果píng guǒ。

    Read examples in context

    one一yī(measure word)个geand a half半bànhour小时xiǎo shí。

    • In the opening example, I / me我wǒto learn学习xué xí(completed / change)了leone and a half一个半yí gè bànhour小时xiǎo shí。: one and a half一个半yí gè bànhour小时xiǎo shí measures one and a half hours.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • half of sth半个bàn gèhour小时xiǎo shí is half an hour.
    • Compare 两点liǎng diǎnhalf半bàn, a clock time, with 两个liǎng gèhalf hour半小时bàn xiǎo shí, a duration. Keep the measure word position: one and a half一个半yí gè bànhour小时xiǎo shí, not half一半yí bàn(measure word)个gèhour小时xiǎo shí.

    Use the distinction

    • one and a half一个半yí gè bànhour小时xiǎo shí measures one and a half hours.
    • half of sth半个bàn gèhour小时xiǎo shí is half an hour. Compare 两点liǎng diǎnhalf半bàn, a clock time, with 两个liǎng gèhalf hour半小时bàn xiǎo shí, a duration. Keep the measure word position: one and a half一个半yí gè bànhour小时xiǎo shí, not half一半yí bàn(measure word)个gèhour小时xiǎo shí.

    Try it with help closed

    You studied for ninety minutes. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: I / me我wǒto learn学习xué xí(completed / change)了leone and a half一个半yí gè bànhour小时xiǎo shí。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • half of sth半个bàn gèhour小时xiǎo shí is half an hour.
    • Compare 两点liǎng diǎnhalf半bàn, a clock time, with 两个liǎng gèhalf hour半小时bàn xiǎo shí, a duration. Keep the measure word position: one and a half一个半yí gè bànhour小时xiǎo shí, not half一半yí bàn(measure word)个gèhour小时xiǎo shí.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    after以后yǐ hòu vs then / after然后rán hòu vs afterwards后来hòu lái (then / after)

    A plan's next step differs from a later story

    • You first eat and then plan to study; later you describe what actually happened.
    • early先xiānto have a meal吃饭chī fàn，then / after然后rán hòuto learn学习xué xí。afterwards后来hòu láiwe / us我们wǒ menagain又yòuvariant of 复习复习fù xí(completed / change)了leone time (all the way…一遍yī biàn。 — then / after然后rán hòu gives the next step, while afterwards后来hòu lái introduces the later part of the account.

    Build the form

    • The pattern in this lesson is after以后yǐ hòu vs then / after然后rán hòu vs afterwards后来hòu lái (then / after). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
    • Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.

    first先xiāneat吃饭chī fàn，then然后rán hòusleep睡觉shuì jiào。

    Read examples in context

    later后来hòu láiwe我们wǒ mennot没méigo去qù。

    • In the opening example, early先xiānto have a meal吃饭chī fàn，then / after然后rán hòuto learn学习xué xí。afterwards后来hòu láiwe / us我们wǒ menagain又yòuvariant of 复习复习fù xí(completed / change)了leone time (all the way…一遍yī biàn。: then / after然后rán hòu gives the next step, while afterwards后来hòu lái introduces the later part of the account.
    • Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.

    Know the boundary

    • after以后yǐ hòu can follow a reference event: to have a meal吃饭chī fànafter以后yǐ hòuto learn学习xué xí.
    • A future plan does not normally use afterwards后来hòu lái to mean next; choose from temporal relationship, not the shared English word then.

    Use the distinction

    • then / after然后rán hòu gives the next step, while afterwards后来hòu lái introduces the later part of the account.
    • after以后yǐ hòu can follow a reference event: to have a meal吃饭chī fànafter以后yǐ hòuto learn学习xué xí. A future plan does not normally use afterwards后来hòu lái to mean next; choose from temporal relationship, not the shared English word then.

    Try it with help closed

    You first eat and then plan to study; later you describe what actually happened. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    One possible response: early先xiānto have a meal吃饭chī fàn，then / after然后rán hòuto learn学习xué xí。afterwards后来hòu láiwe / us我们wǒ menagain又yòuvariant of 复习复习fù xí(completed / change)了leone time (all the way…一遍yī biàn。

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • after以后yǐ hòu can follow a reference event: to have a meal吃饭chī fànafter以后yǐ hòuto learn学习xué xí.
    • A future plan does not normally use afterwards后来hòu lái to mean next; choose from temporal relationship, not the shared English word then.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

  • 6

    文型（把 & 被）

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    このトピックがreligion教jiàoえること

    The two famous constructions, taught as what they really are: (把: marks the object)把bǎ = "take it and do something to it", and (passive: by)被bèi = "got done to". Plus to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de……to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de……， to exceed越yuè……to exceed越yuè……， more and more越来越yuè lái yuè， and the question word echoing with then / just就jiù.

    (把: marks the object)把bǎ: take it and …

    to ask请qǐngto stand as a goalkeeper把门bǎ ménto close (a door)关上guān shàng。 (Qǐng bǎ mén guānshang.) — Please close the door.

    Subject + (把: marks the object)把bǎ + Object + Verb + result — (把: marks the object)把bǎ literally means "take/grab" (it carries the hand radical "hand" radical in Chinese…扌shou), so the sentence grabs a specific, known object and says what happened to it. The verb can never stand bare — it needs a result: (把: marks the object)把bǎbook书shū放在fàng zàitable桌子zhuō zi(bound form) up上shàng ✓, (把: marks the object)把bǎ书放shū fàng ✗.

    Negation goes before (把: marks the object)把bǎ： don't别bié(把: marks the object)把bǎit它tāto throw扔rēng(completed / change)了le. Feeling verbs (to like喜欢xǐ huan， want / think / miss想xiǎng， to see看见kàn jiàn) can't take (把: marks the object)把bǎ — a feeling has no result.

    (passive: by)被bèi: got done to

    I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decell phone手机shǒu jī(passive: by)被bèito steal偷tōu(completed / change)了le。 (Wǒ de shǒujī bèi tōu le.) — My phone got stolen.

    Receiver + (passive: by)被bèi + (doer) + verb + (completed / change)了le/result — the focus flips to the receiver, and the doer is optional: I / me我wǒ(passive: by)被bèito cheat骗piàn(completed / change)了le — I was tricked. The verb can't be bare, and these sentences lean toward unfortunate events. (把: marks the object)把bǎ leads with the doer; (passive: by)被bèi leads with the victim: thief小偷xiǎo tōu(把: marks the object)把bǎcell phone手机shǒu jīto steal偷tōu(completed / change)了le ↔ cell phone手机shǒu jī(passive: by)被bèismall小xiǎostealthily偷偷tōu tōu(completed / change)了le.

    to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de……to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de……: some … others …

    to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deperson人rénat / in在zàito drink (alcohol)喝酒hē jiǔ，to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的deperson人rénat / in在zàito dance跳舞tiào wǔ。 — Some are drinking, some are dancing.

    to have / there is有yǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de はすでにto exist存在cún zàiするグループをto cut up分割fēn gēする — 「いくつか」というvague曖昧ài mèiなcapacity量liàngをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoすsituation場合chǎng héは、to buy購gòufashionable入时rù shíto use / with用yòng some一些yī xiē (to buy买mǎisome一些yī xiēfruit水果shuǐ guǒ).

    to exceed越yuè……to exceed越yuè…… と more and more越来越yuè lái yuè

    to exceed越yuèto see看kànto exceed越yuèto like喜欢xǐ huan。 (Yuè kàn yuè xǐhuan.) — to appear見jiànるほどgood好hǎoきになる。

    to exceed越yuè……to exceed越yuè…… はtwo二èrつの事柄shì bǐngがともにJapanese variant of 增増zēngto add加jiāすることをknot結jiéびつける（joint節jiéはdifferent異yìなるsubject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔをto hold持chíつこともある：you你nǐto exceed越yuèvariant of 说说shuō，he / him他tāto exceed越yuènot不bùto listen to听tīng）。 more and more越来越yuè lái yuè はone / a一yīつの事柄shì bǐngが(concept of) time時間shí jiānとともにJapanese variant of 变変biànto make into化huàしていくJapanese variant of 样様yàngを追跡zhuī jīする：weather天气tiān qìmore and more越来越yuè lái yuècold冷lěng(completed / change)了le — order次第cì dìにcold寒hánくなっている。 だんだんcold寒hánくなっている。

    to ask (a question) in reply反問fǎn wènのquestion疑問yí wènword詞cí

    then / just就jiùのJapanese variant of 两両liǎnglean on one side側cèでsee 胡同同tóngじquestion疑問yí wènword詞cíをto make使shǐう：who谁shéi……then / just就jiù……who谁shéi、where哪儿nǎr……then / just就jiù……where哪儿nǎr。これはcomplete完全wán quánなfreedom自由zì yóuのto show表現biǎo xiànであり、

    Japanese variant of 两両liǎnglean on one side側cèの言葉yán yèはunanimous一致yí zhìしなければならない。 to test試shìしてみよう。 片付piàn fùけの一件yī jiànmatter事shìを(把: marks the object)把bǎ構文gòu wénにJapanese variant of 变変biànto exchange換huànする：(把: marks the object)把bǎtable桌子zhuō zito rub擦cāclean干净gān jìng。 トラブルを(passive: by)被bèi構文gòu wénにJapanese variant of 变変biànto exchange換huànする：I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decup杯子bēi zi(passive: by)被bèito break打破dǎ pò(completed / change)了le。

    to test試shìしてみよう。 family matters家事jiā shìを「(把: marks the object)把bǎ」language文wénにJapanese variant of 变変biànto exchange換huànする： (把: marks the object)把bǎtable桌子zhuō zito rub擦cāclean干净gān jìng。 また、不運bù yùnな(after a verb, indicates…出来chū láimatter事shìを「(passive: by)被bèi」language文wénにする： I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decup杯子bēi zi(passive: by)被bèito break打破dǎ pò(completed / change)了le。 sentence: I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decup杯子bēi zi(passive: by)被bèito break打破dǎ pò(completed / change)了le。

    to take note of注意zhù yì

    • 「(把: marks the object)把bǎ/(passive: by)被bèi」のfront前qiánにto negate否定fǒu dìngをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoす： not / haven't没méi(passive: by)被bèito notice发现fā xiàn， not / haven't没méi(把: marks the object)把bǎschool assignment作业zuò yèto make做zuòto finish完wán.
    • 「(passive: by)被bèi」verb動詞dòng cíはto negate否定fǒu dìngにto overturn傾qīngく；variant of 裸裸luǒのverb動詞dòng cíはJapanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのstructure構造gòu zàoでcannot不可bù kěである。

    to go and return復fù(bound form) to practice習xí

    1. to exceed越yuè……to exceed越yuè…… vs more and more越来越yuè lái yuè — two二èrつの事柄shì bǐngか、それとも(concept of) time時間shí jiānのJapanese variant of 经経jīng(experienced action marker)過guòにpartner伴bànうone / a一yīつのことか？
    2. contrary反fǎnto go and return復fùにおける then / just就jiù のJapanese variant of 两両liǎnglean on one side側cèにwhat何héMatchingさせるnecessary必要bì yàoがあるか？
    3. (把: marks the object)把bǎ構文gòu wénでto negate否定fǒu dìngはどこにto install置zhìかれるか？
    4. 「then / just就jiù」のJapanese variant of 两両liǎnglean on one side側cèでwhat何héとunanimous一致yí zhìしなければならないか？
    5. 「(把: marks the object)把bǎ」language文wénではto negate否定fǒu dìngはどこにto install置zhìくか？

    (to answer答dáえ： 1. 「(把: marks the object)把bǎ」verb動詞dòng cíにはoutcome結果jié guǒがnecessary必要bì yào—— (把: marks the object)把bǎbook书shū放在fàng zàitable桌子zhuō zi(bound form) up上shàng. 2. (passive: by)被bèi. 3. to exceed越yuè…to exceed越yuè… はtwo二èrつをvariant of 系繋jìぐ affair物事wù shì; to follow随suí时间推移shí jiān tuī yígradually逐渐zhú jiànto follow a trail追踪zhuī zōng一条yī tiáolocus轨迹guǐ jì。 4. 疑问词yí wèn cí（what什么shén me/who谁shéi/where哪儿nǎr）。 5. ……before之前zhī qián (把: marks the object)把bǎ： not / haven't没méi(把: marks the object)把bǎschool assignment作业zuò yèto make做zuòto finish完wán.)

  • 7

    接続詞および条件

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    このトピックがreligion教jiàoえること

    接续词jiē xù cíand / with与yǔcondition条件tiáo jiàn：or或者huò zhě vs or / still还是hái shì（most最zuì常考cháng kǎo(modifier / structural particle)的de“or”pitfall陷阱xiàn jǐng），if only只要zhǐ yào……then / just就jiù…… and / with和hé only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu……only then / not until才cái……，besides除了chú le……(apart from以外yǐ wài)，in order to为了wèi le vs because因为yīn wèi，as well as以及yǐ jíone's conduct作为zuò wéicolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔto hit (the mark)中zhōng“like that那么nà me”(modifier / structural particle)的de that那nà/like that那么nà me。

    or或者huò zhě vs or / still还是hái shì：an assertion陈述chén shù vs to question提问tí wèn

    or或者huò zhě at / in在zàideclarative sentence陈述句chén shù jùto hit (the mark)中zhōnga list列举liè jǔoption选项xuǎn xiàng：coffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēior或者huò zhětea茶chá都行dōu xíng — coffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēimaybe或huòtea茶cháall / both都dōucan / may可以kě yǐ，both sides两者liǎng zhěall皆jiēused in 可汗可kě not / haven't没méiquestion问题wèn tí。

    or / still还是hái shì to request要求yāo qiúlistener听者tīng zhěto put out做出zuò chūto select选择xuǎn zé：you你nǐwant / will / need要yàoto drink tea喝茶hē cháor / still还是hái shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi？ — want / will / need要yàotea茶cháor / still还是hái shìwant / will / need要yàocoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi？

    this这zhèto be / is是shìmost最zuì常考cháng kǎo(modifier / structural particle)的de“or”pitfall陷阱xiàn jǐng：or或者huò zhěto use in用于yòng yúan assertion陈述chén shù，or / still还是hái shìto use in用于yòng yúto question提问tí wèn。to take note of注意zhù yìdon't不要bú yào重复使用chóng fù shǐ yòng“to be / is是shì”： to be / is是shìwater水shuǐor / still还是hái shìwine (esp. rice wine)酒jiǔ ✓，by no means切勿qiè wù写成xiě chéng to be / is是shìwater水shuǐor / still还是hái shìto be / is是shìwine (esp. rice wine)酒jiǔ。

    if only只要zhǐ yào……then / just就jiù…… vs only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu……only then / not until才cái……

    if only只要zhǐ yàoyou你nǐ努力学习nǔ lì xué xí，then / just就jiùcan / will会huìto have / there is有yǒuprogress进步jìn bù。 — if only只要zhǐ yàoyou你nǐto make an effort努力nǔ lì，then / just就jiùcan / will会huìto acquire取得qǔ déprogress进步jìn bù。

    only have ...只有zhǐ yǒuto make an effort努力nǔ lì，talent才能cái néng做好zuò hǎoto work工作gōng zuò。 — only have ...只有zhǐ yǒuto make an effort努力nǔ lìto work工作gōng zuò，talent才能cái néng(把: marks the object)把bǎto work工作gōng zuò做好zuò hǎo。

    if only只要zhǐ yào = “only只zhǐto need需要xū yào……”（充分条件chōng fèn tiáo jiàn——any任何rèn héfeasible可行kě xíng(modifier / structural particle)的deway途径tú jìng）→ to pair up搭配dā pèi then / just就jiù。only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu = “only if (..., or otherwise…除非chú fēi……otherwise否则fǒu zénot不bù……”（requirement必要条件bì yào tiáo jiàn——only唯一wéi yī(modifier / structural particle)的deway途径tú jìng）→ to pair up搭配dā pèi only then / not until才cái（常为cháng wèi talent才能cái néng）。to lock (a door)锁定suǒ dìng to fix固定gù dìngto pair up搭配dā pèi：if only只要zhǐ yào…then / just就jiù…, only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu…only then / not until才cái…。

    The effort only then / not until才cái： 那本书nà běn shūI / me我wǒto see看kàn(completed / change)了le两遍liǎng biànonly then / not until才cáito see看kànto understand懂dǒng。 — 那本书nà běn shū我读wǒ dú(completed / change)了le两遍liǎng biànonly then / not until才cáiclear明白míng bái。 twice. This only then / not until才cái spotlights how much it took, and takes no (completed / change)了le.

    besides除了chú le……(apart from以外yǐ wài)

    besides除了chú leapart from以外yǐ wài used in 可汗可kěto express / indicate表示biǎo shì“besides除了chú le”（to get rid of除chúhe / him他tāoutside之外zhī wàinot / haven't没méiperson人rénto know知道zhī dào）maybe或huò“besides此外cǐ wài”（apart from this除此之外chú cǐ zhī wàifurthermore还有hái yǒu）。 to read阅读yuè dúnext其后qí hòu(modifier / structural particle)的declause (grammar)分句fēn jùto use以yǐto judge判断pàn duànsentence句子jù zi(modifier / structural particle)的dedirection走向zǒu xiàng。

    in order to为了wèi le vs because因为yīn wèi

    in order to为了wèi le aims forward at a purpose: in order to为了wèi lehealth健康jiàn kāng，I / me我wǒto toughen锻炼duàn liàn — for the sake of health, I exercise. because因为yīn wèi looks backward at a cause: because因为yīn wèi我病wǒ bìng(completed / change)了le，so / therefore所以suǒ yǐI / me我wǒrest休息xiū xī — because I'm ill, I rest. The (completed / change)了le in in order to为了wèi le is glued into the word.

    that那nà / like that那么nà me: that being so

    he / him他tānot不bùto listen to听tīng，that那nàI / me我wǒshould应该yīng gāiwhat's to be done怎么办zěn me bàn？ — He won't listen — so what should I do?

    that那nà(variant of 么么me) reacts to what was just said and draws a suggestion — the conversational "then". It is not so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ， which states cause→effect inside one thought. A bare that那nà is the most natural in speech.

    Try it. One or或者huò zhě statement, one or / still还是hái shì question, one if only只要zhǐ yào promise, one only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu rule.

    to take note of注意zhù yì

    • or或者huò zhě and or / still还是hái shì never swap: the moment you want the listener to choose, switch to or / still还是hái shì.

    to go and return復fù(bound form) to practice習xí

    1. Which "or" must you switch to when the listener must choose?
    2. Which pair does if only只要zhǐ yào take, and which only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu?
    3. to see看kàn(completed / change)了le两遍liǎng biànonly then / not until才cáito see看kànto understand懂dǒng — what does this only then / not until才cái spotlight?
    4. in order to为了wèi le or because因为yīn wèi in: ……health健康jiàn kāng，I / me我wǒ早睡zǎo shuì。
    5. that那nàI / me我wǒshould该gāiwhat's to be done怎么办zěn me bàn？ — is that那nà the same as so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ？

    (Answers: 1. or / still还是hái shì. 2. if only只要zhǐ yào takes then / just就jiù； only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu takes only then / not until才cái (often talent才能cái néng). 3. The effort it took — two readings. 4. in order to为了wèi le — purpose aiming forward. 5. No — that那nà reacts conversationally; so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ states cause→effect.)

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