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HSK 2

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  • 1

    任务一、六、十七 · Personal descriptions, requests and forms of address

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    このトピックがreligion教jiàoえること

    person人rén々のvariant of 说説shuōbright明míng、to allow許可xǔ kěをto seek求qiúめること、そしてperson (first person…人称rén chēng代名dài míngword詞cíのto substitute代dàiわりにChina中国zhōng guóto tell to語yǔがto make使shǐわれるto address or refer to (sb)…敬称jìng chēng name名míng — plus加上jiā shàng「why?为什么wèi shén me/because因为yīn wèi」,to constitute构成gòu chéngcan / be able to能néngto reply回答huí dáall所有suǒ yǒu“why?为什么wèi shén me”(modifier / structural particle)的deto pair up配对pèi duì。

    name (of a person or thing)名字míng zìfront前qián(modifier / structural particle)的deto call称呼chēng hū

    王老师wáng lǎo shī (Wáng lǎoshī) — 王老师wáng lǎo shī。to / towards / correct对duìteacher教师jiào shī(typically preceded by 就……而言ér yán,regular通常tōng chángto use使用shǐ yòng“family name姓xìng + teacher老师lǎo shī”; teacher先生xiān shēng (xiānsheng) and / with和hé lady女士nǚ shì (nǚshì) to be applicable适用shì yòng(of time or place) in于yúother其他qí tāto express / indicate表示biǎo shìto respect尊敬zūn jìng(modifier / structural particle)的desituation场合chǎng hé。

    to respect尊敬zūn jìng(modifier / structural particle)的deto call称呼chēng hūto hinge on取决于qǔ jué yúidentity身份shēn fènand / with与yǔcontext语境yǔ jìng,really isn't并非bìng fēiEnglish (language)英语yīng yǔ(modifier / structural particle)的dedirect (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiēto translate翻译fān yì。 to use使用shǐ yòngname名míng(modifier / structural particle)的decircumstances情况qíng kuàng。

    to describe描述miáo shùperson人物rén wù

    he / him他tādegree / adjective linker很hěnhigh高gāo。 (Tā hěn gāo.) — he / him他tādegree / adjective linker很hěnhigh高gāo。

    adjective形容词xíng róng cí谓语句wèi yǔ jùnot不bùto use使用shǐ yòng「to be / is是shì」:cannot不能bù néngvariant of 说说shuō he / him他tāto be / is是shìdegree / adjective linker很hěnhigh高gāo ✗(HSK 1 rule规则guī zéstill依然yī ránto be applicable适用shì yòng)。

    to request请求qǐng qiúto allow许可xǔ kě、to raise (an issue)提出tí chūto request请求qǐng qiú

    can / may可以kě yǐ……(yes/no ?)吗ma? to use in用于yòng yúto inquire询问xún wènto allow许可xǔ kě:王老师wáng lǎo shī,I / me我wǒcan / may可以kě yǐto come in进来jìn lái(yes/no ?)吗ma? (Wáng lǎoshī, wǒ kěyǐ jìnlái ma?) — 王老师wáng lǎo shī,I / me我wǒcan / may可以kě yǐto come in进来jìn lái(yes/no ?)吗ma?

    to ask请qǐng…… to use in用于yòng yúcourtesy礼貌lǐ mào(adverb -ly)地deto raise (an issue)提出tí chūto request请求qǐng qiú。don't别bié…… to use in用于yòng yúto issue (an order, decree…发出fā chūto negate否定fǒu dìngorder指令zhǐ lìng:don't别biéto come in进来jìn lái — don't不要bú yàoto come in进来jìn lái。I'm sorry对不起duì bù qǐ,我来wǒ láievening晚wǎn(completed / change)了le (duìbuqǐ, wǒ lái wǎn le) — to be sorry抱歉bào qiàn,I / me我wǒto arrive late迟到chí dào(completed / change)了le(to apologize道歉dào qiànto add加jiāto reach到达dào dácondition状态zhuàng tài(modifier / structural particle)的deto change改变gǎi biàn)。 come in. I'm sorry对不起duì bù qǐ,我来wǒ láievening晚wǎn(completed / change)了le (duìbuqǐ, wǒ lái wǎn le) — すみません、Japanese variant of 迟遅chíれてきました(おto be surprised詫chàび to / arrive到dào(ongoing -ing)着zhe(concept of) time時間shí jiānがJapanese variant of 变変biànわったsituation場合chǎng hé)。

    试一下shì yī xià。 to use / with用yòngcomplete完整wán zhěng(modifier / structural particle)的decourtesy礼貌lǐ màosentence pattern句式jù shìto request请求qǐng qiúto enter进入jìn rù:family name姓xìng + teacher老师lǎo shī,can / may可以kě yǐto come in进来jìn lái (yes/no ?)吗ma?

    why?为什么wèi shén meand / with和hébecause因为yīn wèi

    why?为什么wèi shén me (wèishénme) to use in用于yòng yúto question提问tí wèncause原因yuán yīn,because因为yīn wèi (yīnwèi) to use in用于yòng yú给出gěi chūreason理由lǐ yóu。to reply回答huí dáto have to必须bì xū to keep保持bǎo chíoriginally原本yuán běn(modifier / structural particle)的desociety社会shè huìcommunication交际jiāo jìintent意图yì tú——to explain说明shuō míngto arrive late迟到chí dào(modifier / structural particle)的decause原因yuán yīn,and / but而érto not be非fēito shift转移zhuǎn yísubject (of a talk or…话题huà tí。

    to go and return復fù(bound form) to practice習xí

    1. how如何rú héto call称呼chēng hū一位yī wèi姓王xìng wáng(modifier / structural particle)的deteacher老师lǎo shī?
    2. mistake誤wùりをto revise修正xiū zhèngしてください:he / him他tāto be / is是shìdegree / adjective linker很hěnhigh高gāo。
    3. どのフレームがto allow許可xǔ kěをto seek求qiúめていますか?
    4. どの言葉yán yèが「why?为什么wèi shén me」のto question質問zhì wènにJapanese variant of 对対duìするto answer答dáえになりますか?

    (to solve (a problem)解答jiě dá: 1. 王老师wáng lǎo shī — family name姓xìng + teacher先生xiān shēng。 2. he / him他tādegree / adjective linker很hěnhigh高gāo — to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíのfront前qiánに to be / is是shì をto install置zhìかない。) 3. can / may可以kě yǐ……(yes/no ?)吗ma? 4. because因为yīn wèi.)

    English 日本語
    suggestion particle 吧
    white 白
    hundred 百
    to help 帮助
    newspaper 报纸
    to compare 比
    cheap 便宜
    don't 别
    to sing a song 唱歌
    to go out 出
    to wear 穿
    boat 船
    measure word for times 次
    from 从
    mistake 错
    to play basketball 打篮球
    everyone 大家
    but 但是
    to reach 到
    to obtain 得
    younger brother 弟弟
    first 第一
    to understand 懂
    room 房间
    very 非常
    waiter 服务员
    high 高
    to tell 告诉
    older brother 哥哥
    to give 给
    bus 公共汽车
    kilogram 公斤
    company 公司
    expensive 贵
    still 还
    child 孩子
    tasty 好吃
    number 号
    black 黑
    red 红
    to welcome 欢迎
    to reply 回答
    airport 机场
    egg 鸡蛋
    item 件
    classroom 教室
    to introduce 介绍
    older sister 姐姐
    near 近
    to go forward 进
    then 就
    to think that 觉得
    coffee 咖啡
    to begin 开始
    to take an exam 考试
    might 可能
    can 可以
    lesson 课
    rapid 快
    happy 快乐
    tired 累
    away from 离
    two 两
    road 路
    trip 旅游
    to sell 卖
    slow 慢
    busy 忙
    each 每
    younger sister 妹妹
    gate 门
    a man 男人
    you 您
    cow's milk 牛奶
    woman 女人
    side 旁边
    to run 跑步
    ticket 票
    wife 妻子
    to get out of bed 起床
    thousand 千
    clear 晴
    last year 去年
    to let 让
    to go to work 上班
    the body 身体
    to fall ill 生病
    birthday 生日
    time 时间
    affair 事情
    wristwatch 手表
    cell phone 手机
    to send 送
    therefore 所以
    it 它
    to kick 踢
    topic 题
    to dance 跳舞
    outside 外
    to finish 完
    to play 玩
    evening 晚上
    for 为
    to ask 问
    question 问题
    to hope 希望
    to wash 洗
    watermelon 西瓜
    towards 向
    hour 小时
    to laugh 笑
    new 新
    family name 姓
    rest 休息
    snow 雪
    color 颜色
    eye 眼睛
    mutton 羊肉
    medicine 药
    to want 要
    also 也
    in the same place 一起
    already 已经
    meaning 意思
    because 因为
    overcast 阴
    swimming 游泳
    right side 右边
    fish 鱼
    yuan 元
    far 远
    sports 运动
    again 再
    early morning 早上
    measure word for flat objects 张
    long 长
    husband 丈夫
    to try to find 找
    continuous-aspect particle 着
    really 真
    in the process of 正在
    to know 知道
    preparation 准备
    bicycle 自行车
    to walk 走
    most 最
    left 左边
  • 2

    任务二、三、九 · Events, objects and shopping comparisons

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    このトピックがreligion教jiàoえること

    than / compared to比bǐ をto use / with用yòngいたto compare比較bǐ jiào、root本běnやclothes衣服yī fúのcapacity量liàngword詞cí、および「acya already」をwatch (timepiece)表biǎoす already已经yǐ jīng……(completed / change)了le。

    than / compared to比bǐ のto compare比較bǐ jiào

    A + than / compared to比bǐ + B + to describe形容xíng róngword詞cí: this这zhè本书běn shūthan / compared to比bǐ那本书nà běn shūexpensive贵guì。 (Zhè běn shū bǐ nà běn shū guì.) — このroot本běnは、あのroot本běnよりhigh高gāoいです。

    to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíはto compare比較bǐ jiàoのback後hòuにJapanese variant of 续続xùき、そこに degree / adjective linker很hěn はto enter入rùらない—English (language)英語yīng yǔでは 「very」とwords言yánうからである。to compare比較bǐ jiàoにはJapanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのto consult a reference参照cān zhàoJapanese variant of 对対duìelephant象xiàngがnecessary必要bì yàoである。

    green青qīngいのは二十元èr shí yuán、red赤chìいのは三十元sān shí yuán。 green青qīngいものは 20、red赤chìいものは 30 — balance (financial)差額chà éは 十元shí yuán。すべての than / compared to比bǐ のlanguage文wénには、special特定tè dìngの(surveying) datum基準jī zhǔnvariant of 值値zhíとspecial特定tè dìngのbalance (financial)差額chà éがある。

    new新xīnしいもののcapacity量liàngword詞cí

    root本běn はroot本běnのJapanese variant of 单単dānposition位wèi: one / a一yī本书běn shū (yì běn shū)。 item件jiàn は衣類yī lèiのJapanese variant of 单単dānposition位wèi: 一件yī jiànshirt衬衫chèn shān (yí jiàn chènshān)。amount数量shù liàngは「何個hé gè(何枚hé méi)」にto answer答dáえ、nature性質xìng zhìは「どのようなkind種類zhǒng lèi」にto answer答dáえる—different異yìなる to question質問zhì wènである。

    already已经yǐ jīng……(completed / change)了le: すでに

    I / me我wǒalready已经yǐ jīngto buy买mǎi(completed / change)了le。 (Wǒ yǐjīng mǎi le.) — personal私sīはもうto buy買mǎiいました。

    already已经yǐ jīng + verb動詞dòng cí + (completed / change)了le は、文脈wén màiにおいてalready既jìにto finish完wán(completed / change)了leしたoperation行動xíng dòngをto show示shìす。to happen发生fā shēng(completed / change)了lewhat什么shén me versus 計画jì huàされていることをJapanese variant of 读読dúむ—これらはdifferent異yìなるlanguage文wénでto collect扱xīわれる。 Japanese variant of 发発fāto be born生shēngした と 予定yǔ dìngされている のto disobey違wéiい — two二èrつのdifferent異yìなる文脈wén màiでto make使shǐわれる。

    Try it. 2つの既知jì zhīのJapanese variant of 价価sìsquare格géをto compare比較bǐ jiàoする:……than / compared to比bǐ……expensive贵guì/cheap便宜pián yi……currency unit (esp. Chinese…元yuán。

    to take note of注意zhù yì

    • Englishが「very」をto make使shǐっているからといって、standard標準biāo zhǔn(modifier / structural particle)的deなthan / compared to比bǐ(bi)structure構造gòu zàoに「degree / adjective linker很hěn」をto add something extra追加zhuī jiāしてはならない: this这zhè本书běn shūthan / compared to比bǐ那本书nà běn shūdegree / adjective linker很hěnexpensive贵guì ✗.

    to go and return復fù(bound form) to practice習xí

    1. than / compared to比bǐ(bi)のパターンを語順yǔ shùnでto point out提示tí shìする。
    2. 「shirt衬衫chèn shān」(シャツ)にはどのcapacity量liàngword詞cíをto make使shǐうか?
    3. to revise修正xiū zhèng:this这zhè本书běn shūthan / compared to比bǐ那本书nà běn shūdegree / adjective linker很hěnexpensive贵guì。
    4. already已经yǐ jīng……(completed / change)了le はwhat何héをto show示shìすか?

    (Answers: 1. A + than / compared to比bǐ + B + adjective. 2. item件jiàn: 一件yī jiànshirt衬衫chèn shān. 3. this这zhè本书běn shūthan / compared to比bǐ那本书nà běn shūexpensive贵guì — no degree / adjective linker很hěn. 4. 文脈wén màiにおいてalready既jìにto finish完wán(completed / change)了leしたaction行為xíng wèi。)

  • 3

    任务四、五、八 · Weather, describing places and directions

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    Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

    Understand a route and repair confusion

    Follow simple directions and ask for clarification.

    Build the meaning

    from从cóng……to / arrive到dào…… gives a starting point and destination. from从cóngschool学校xué xiàoto / arrive到dàohospital医院yī yuàn describes a route, not the hospital’s current location.

    early先xiān……again / then再zài…… orders actions. 向左转xiàng zuǒ zhuǎn and 向右转xiàng yòu zhuǎn mean turn left and turn right. Repeat the direction to check understanding.

    Useful words in context

    • from从cóng cóng — from. from从cóngschool学校xué xiàoto set off出发chū fā。
    • to / arrive到dào dào — to / arrive. to / arrive到dàohospital医院yī yuàn。
    • left左zuǒ zuǒ — left. 向左转xiàng zuǒ zhuǎn。
    • (bound form) right右yòu yòu — right. 向右转xiàng yòu zhuǎn。
    • again / then再zài zài — then / again after. 先走xiān zǒu,again / then再zàito revolve转zhuǎn。

    Read for meaning

    from从cóngschool学校xué xiàoto / arrive到dàohospital医院yī yuàn,early先xiān向右走xiàng yòu zǒu,again / then再zài向左转xiàng zuǒ zhuǎn。hospital医院yī yuànat / in在zàilibrary图书馆tú shū guǎnside旁边páng biān。林安lín ān听不清tīng bù qīng,to ask问wèn:“to ask请qǐngto say again再说zài shuōone time (all the way…一遍yī biàn。”

    From school to the hospital, first go right, then turn left. The hospital is beside the library. Lin An asks for repetition because she cannot hear clearly.

    Listen to a different passage

    Ask a partner to read this with the script closed. Use the online practice for browser playback.

    early先xiān向左走xiàng zuǒ zǒu,again / then再zài向右转xiàng yòu zhuǎn。hospital医院yī yuànat / in在zàischool学校xué xiàoside旁边páng biān。

    First go left, then turn right. The hospital is beside the school.

    Speak and write

    Give two-step directions. Your partner asks you to repeat the final turn.

    Write a two-step route with a starting point and destination.

    One speaking model: A: early先xiān向右走xiàng yòu zǒu,again / then再zài向左转xiàng zuǒ zhuǎn。 B: to ask请qǐngto say again再说zài shuōone time (all the way…一遍yī biàn。 A: again / then再zài向左转xiàng zuǒ zhuǎn。

    One writing model: from从cóngschool学校xué xiàoto / arrive到dàohospital医院yī yuàn,early先xiān向左走xiàng zuǒ zǒu,again / then再zài向右转xiàng yòu zhuǎn。

    • Name the starting point and destination.
    • Use early先xiān and again / then再zài to order actions.
    • State a direction for each step.

    Check the distinction: early先xiān and again / then再zài indicate order. Do not choose a route by spotting only one familiar direction word.

    Learn step by step · Practise and review.

  • 4

    任务七、十、十一 · Meals, leisure, experience and advice

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    Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

    Talk about an experience and a current action

    Distinguish having done something before from doing it now.

    Build the meaning

    Verb + (experienced)过guo can describe an experience: I / me我wǒ去过qù guòShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi. not / haven't没méi去过qù guò denies having that experience; it does not deny knowing the city’s name.

    in the middle of正在zhèng zài + verb describes an action in progress: I / me我wǒin the middle of正在zhèng zàito learn学习xué xí. A time expression helps identify when a different event happened.

    Useful words in context

    • (experienced)过guo guo — experience marker. I / me我wǒ去过qù guòShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。
    • in the middle of正在zhèng zài zhèngzài — in the process of. I / me我wǒin the middle of正在zhèng zàito learn学习xué xí。
    • last year去年qù nián qùnián — last year. I / me我wǒlast year去年qù nián去过qù guòShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。
    • to learn学习xué xí xuéxí — study. I / me我wǒin the middle of正在zhèng zàito learn学习xué xíChinese language中文zhōng wén。
    • before以前yǐ qián yǐqián — before. I / me我wǒbefore以前yǐ qián去过qù guò。

    Read for meaning

    Wang Li (1900-1986), one of…王力wáng lìlast year去年qù nián去过qù guòShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。林安lín ānnot / haven't没méi去过qù guòShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。today今天jīn tiānWang Li (1900-1986), one of…王力wáng lìin the middle of正在zhèng zàito learn学习xué xíChinese language中文zhōng wén,林安lín ānin the middle of正在zhèng zàito read看书kàn shū。

    Wang Li has been to Shanghai, last year. Lin An has not. Today Wang Li is studying Chinese and Lin An is reading.

    Listen to a different passage

    Ask a partner to read this with the script closed. Use the online practice for browser playback.

    I / me我wǒbefore以前yǐ qián去过qù guòShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。now现在xiàn zàiI / me我wǒin the middle of正在zhèng zàito read看书kàn shū。

    I have been to Shanghai before. Now I am reading.

    Speak and write

    Ask whether a partner has been to a city, then ask what they are doing now.

    Write one experience sentence and one current-action sentence.

    One speaking model: A: you你nǐ去过qù guòShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi(yes/no ?)吗ma? B: not / haven't没méi去过qù guò。 A: you你nǐnow现在xiàn zàiat / in在zàito make做zuòwhat什么shén me? B: I / me我wǒin the middle of正在zhèng zàito read看书kàn shū。

    One writing model: I / me我wǒ去过qù guòShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。now现在xiàn zàiI / me我wǒin the middle of正在zhèng zàito learn学习xué xíChinese language中文zhōng wén。

    • Use (experienced)过guo for the experience.
    • Use in the middle of正在zhèng zài for the ongoing action.
    • Do not imply an experience is happening now.

    Check the distinction: (experienced)过guo is not an ending to add to every English past-tense verb. Here it presents an experience.

    Learn step by step · Practise and review.

  • 5

    任务十二—十五 · Family, learning history, school and work

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    このトピックがreligion教jiàoえること

    family家族jiā zúとルーティン:who誰shuíがwhat何héをするかのto cut割gēりat or in the very same...当dāngて、period of time期間qī jiānと日付rì fùのto disobey違wéiい、そしてto advance進行jìn xíngto hit (the mark)中zhōngの2つのマーカー「in the middle of正在zhèng zài」と「nearly at the point of…快要kuài yào……(completed / change)了le」。 sometimes有时候yǒu shí hòu (yǒushíhou) sometimes有时yǒu shí。

    who誰shuíがwhat何héを、いつ

    mama妈妈mā māevening晚上wǎn shàngto prepare a meal做饭zuò fàn,I / me我wǒto wash the dishes洗碗xǐ wǎn。 (Māma wǎnshang zuò fàn, wǒ xǐ wǎn.) — おmother母mǔさんはnight夜yèにto arrange料理liào lǐをし、personal私sīは食器shí qìをto wash洗xǐう。 night夜yè;personal私sīは食器shí qìをto wash洗xǐう。

    main part主体zhǔ tǐ、(concept of) time時間shí jiān、to exercise活動huó dòngをはっきりとto cut割gēりat or in the very same...当dāngてる。ルーティンではoften经常jīng cháng (jīngcháng) よくや/or sometimes有时候yǒu shí hòu (yǒushíhou) o'clock時shí々をto make使shǐう。 我学wǒ xuéto hit (the mark)中zhōngliterature文学wén xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián。 (Wǒ xué Zhōngwén xué le liǎng nián.) — I / me我wǒto learn学习xué xíChinese language中文zhōng wénalready已经yǐ jīng两年liǎng nián(completed / change)了le。

    活動記huó dòng jìJapanese variant of 录録lù: (coll.) father爸爸bà bàSaturday星期六xīng qī liùto clean打扫dǎ sǎoroom房间fáng jiān,older sister姐姐jiě jiěevening晚上wǎn shàng做作业zuò zuò yè。to question質問zhì wèn:who谁shéito clean打扫dǎ sǎoroom房间fáng jiān?— (coll.) father爸爸bà bà。 most最zuìもnear近jìnい familiarなJapanese variant of 单単dānto tell to語yǔではなく、see 胡同同tóngじOK / to walk行xíngにあるperson人物rén wùと(concept of) time時間shí jiānをto use使用shǐ yòngする。

    period of time期間qī jiānは日付rì fùではない

    at / in在zàito be in favor of支持zhī chíphonetic writing拼音pīn yīn(modifier / structural particle)的desentence句jùto hit (the mark)中zhōngto write书写shū xiě。这是zhè shìtrue真实zhēn shí(modifier / structural particle)的deto write写作xiě zuòto request要求yāo qiú — to leave behind遗留yí liú(modifier / structural particle)的de 2in the years of年間nián jiān。

    period of time期間qī jiān(两年liǎng nián「2in the years of年間nián jiān」)と日付rì fù(two二èr〇two二èr四年sì nián「2024」)はdifferent異yìなるto question質問zhì wènにto answer答dáえる。 verb動詞dòng cíがto reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnされることがあります:to learn学xuéChinese language中文zhōng wénto learn学xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián — to reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnされたverb動詞dòng cíがperiod of time期間qī jiānをto show示shìします。

    to advance進行jìn xíngto hit (the mark)中zhōngおよび近接jìn jiēしているsituation場合chǎng hé

    in the middle of正在zhèng zài はto advance進行jìn xíngto hit (the mark)中zhōngのmovement動作dòng zuòをto show示shìします:I / me我wǒin the middle of正在zhèng zàito write写xiěschool assignment作业zuò yè (wǒ zhèngzài xiě zuòyè) — personal私sīはnow今jīn、宿題sù tíをしています。 now今jīnすぐ宿題sù tíをしているところです。

    nearly at the point of…快要kuài yào……(completed / change)了le はgap間jiānもなくto rise起qǐこる(after a verb, indicates…出来chū láimatter事shìをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoします:nearly at the point of…快要kuài yàoto go to class上课shàng kè(completed / change)了le。 (kuài yào shàngkè le.) — to teach授業shòu yèがto begin始shǐまろうとしています。 to teach授業shòu yèはもうすぐto begin始shǐまります。

    Try it. ごfamily家族jiā zúのSaturday (used in ancient…土曜日tǔ yào rìのJapanese variant of 样様yàng(noun suffix)子ziをvariant of 说説shuōbright明míngしてください:(coll.) father爸爸bà bà……,mama妈妈mā mā……,I / me我wǒ……。

    to take note of注意zhù yì

    • 两年liǎng nián と two二èr〇two二èr四年sì nián はdifferent異yìなるto question質問zhì wènにto answer答dáえます。「どれくらいか」と「どのgrain年nián」です。

    to go and return復fù(bound form) to practice習xí

    1. who誰shuíto clean打扫dǎ sǎoroom房间fáng jiān? という活動記huó dòng jìJapanese variant of 录録lùにおいて、どのOK / to walk行xíngでto answer答dáえればよいですか?
    2. 「I've studied Chinese for two years」をどうwords言yánえばよいか。
    3. どのようなマーカーが「gap間jiānもなくある(after a verb, indicates…出来chū láimatter事shì」をwatch (timepiece)表biǎoすか。
    4. often经常jīng cháng と sometimes有时候yǒu shí hòu — どちらのsquare方fāngがfrequency頻度pín dùがhigh高gāoいか。

    (Answers: 1. The same row as the question's verb — (coll.) father爸爸bà bà, with Saturday星期六xīng qī liù. 2. 我学wǒ xuéto hit (the mark)中zhōngliterature文学wén xué(completed / change)了le 两年liǎng nián。 3. nearly at the point of…快要kuài yào……(completed / change)了le. 4. often经常jīng cháng (often); sometimes有时候yǒu shí hòu is sometimes.)

  • 6

    任务十六;语法 · Festivals, reasons, contrasts and choices

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    このトピックがreligion教jiàoえること

    to offer a sacrifice to…祭jìりと計画jì huà:2つの「または」(or / still还是hái shì はto question質問zhì wènとして、or或者huò zhě はto make clear表明biǎo míngとして)、2つのto receive接jiēJapanese variant of 续続xùJapanese variant of 对対duì (because因为yīn wèi……so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ…… と although虽然suī rán……but但是dàn shì……)、および計画jì huàそのものにJapanese variant of 对対duìする early先xiān……again / then再zài……。

    2つの「または」:to question質問zhì wènとto make clear表明biǎo míng

    or / still还是hái shì はto choose選xuǎnJapanese variant of 择択zéto ask問wènlanguage文wénをto search尋xúnねます:you你nǐvariant of 吃吃chī(cooked) rice米饭mǐ fànor / still还是hái shìnoodles面条miàn tiáo? (Nǐ chī mǐfàn háishì miàntiáo?) — rice米mǐcooked rice飯fànかold variant of 面麺miànのどちらをto feed (a person or animal)食shíべますか。

    or或者huò zhě はsame一般yì bān(modifier / structural particle)的deなto make clear表明biǎo míngのto hit (the mark)中zhōngでto choose選xuǎnJapanese variant of 择択zélimb肢zhīをto show示shìします:(cooked) rice米饭mǐ fànor或者huò zhěnoodles面条miàn tiáo都行dōu xíng (mǐfàn huòzhě rice-flour noodles米線mǐ xiànでもold variant of 面麺miànでもto construct構gòuいません) — rice米mǐのold variant of 面麺miàn(ミセン)でも、wheat小麦xiǎo màiのold variant of 面麺miànでもどちらでもto construct構gòuいません。

    「または」や「or或者huò zhě」というmeaning意味yì wèiのto tell to語yǔは、to question質問zhì wènしているか to conclude断定duàn dìngしているかによってdifferent異yìなります — see 胡同同tóngじ to choose選xuǎnJapanese variant of 择択zélimb肢zhīでも、grammar文法wén fǎ(modifier / structural particle)的deなto make使shǐいpart分fēnけがあります。

    to receive接jiē続詞xù cíのペア

    because因为yīn wèi……so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ…… はreason理由lǐ yóuとoutcome結果jié guǒをつなぎます:because因为yīn wèito rain下雨xià yǔ,so / therefore所以suǒ yǐwe / us我们wǒ mento sit坐zuòpublic transport vehicle公交车gōng jiāo chē。 (Yīnwèi xiàyǔ, suǒyǐ wǒmen zuò gōngjiāochē.) — (literary) to rain雨yǔがto surrender降jiàngっているので、personal私sīたちはバスでto move移動yí dòngします。 バスです。

    although虽然suī rán……but但是dàn shì…… はJapanese variant of 让譲ràngold variant of 步歩bùとJapanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐをつなぎます:although虽然suī rántoday今天jīn tiāndegree / adjective linker很hěncold冷lěng,but但是dàn shìwe / us我们wǒ menwant / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qùto see看kànfriend朋友péng yǒu。 (Suīrán jīntiān hěn lěng, dànshì wǒmen xiǎng qù kàn péngyou.) — today今日jīn rìはcold寒hánいです が、personal私sīたちはまだ友達yǒu dáにcan / will会huìいにOK / to walk行xíngきたいです。(Suīrán jīntiān hěn lěng, dànshì wǒmen xiǎng qù kàn péngyou.) — today今日jīn rìはcold寒hánいです が、personal私sīたちはまだ友達yǒu dáにcan / will会huìいにOK / to walk行xíngきたいです。Japanese variant of 让譲ràngold variant of 步歩bùのpart部分bù fènはto recognize認rènめられますが、計画jì huàはto keep維持wéi chíされます。

    to offer a sacrifice to…祭jìりの計画jì huà

    日付rì fù、person人物rén wù、to exercise活動huó dòngをto make使shǐってto offer a sacrifice to…祭jìりの計画jì huàを紹介shào jièします:Spring Festival (Chinese…春节chūn jiéwe / us我们wǒ menwhole family全家quán jiā吃饺子chī jiǎo zi — Spring Festival (Chinese…春節chūn jiéにpersonal私sīのfamily家族jiā zúall personnel全員quán yuánでおdumpling餃子jiǎo ziをto feed (a person or animal)食shíべます。one / a一yīつのfamily家族jiā zúのto summon伝yúnto gather統tǒngはuniversal普遍pǔ biàn(modifier / structural particle)的deではありませんので、ごitself自身zì shēnのものをvariant of 说説shuōbright明míngしてください。 Spring Festival (Chinese…春節chūn jiéにpersonal私sīのfamily家族jiā zúall personnel全員quán yuánでおdumpling餃子jiǎo ziをto feed (a person or animal)食shíべます。one / a一yīつのfamily家族jiā zúのto summon伝yúnto gather統tǒngはuniversal普遍pǔ biàn(modifier / structural particle)的deではありません;ごitself自身zì shēnのものをvariant of 说説shuōbright明míngしてください。 universal普遍pǔ biàn(modifier / structural particle)的deではありません;ごitself自身zì shēnのものをvariant of 说説shuōbright明míngしてください。

    to test試shìしてみましょう。 Japanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのto receive接jiē続詞xù cíをto make使shǐって計画jì huàを(bound form) to state述shùべてみてください:although虽然suī rán……,but但是dàn shì……;because因为yīn wèi……,so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ……。

    to take note of注意zhù yì

    • or / still还是hái shì はcharacter質zhì問文wèn wénにto make使shǐいます;or或者huò zhě はto conclude断定duàn dìnglanguage文wénにto make使shǐいます。これらをto exchange交換jiāo huànすることはmodel典型diǎn xíng(modifier / structural particle)的deなmistake誤wùりです。 mistake誤wùりです。

    to go and return復fù(bound form) to practice習xí

    1. 「または」のmeaning意味yì wèiをto hold持chíつto tell to語yǔのうち、to choose選xuǎnJapanese variant of 择択zélimb肢zhīのcharacter質zhì問文wèn wénにto keep in the mouth含hánまれるのはどれですか?
    2. that level or lower以下yǐ xiàをto complete完成wán chéngさせてください。「(literary) to rain雨yǔがto surrender降jiàngったので、personal私sīたちはhome家jiāにold variant of 留留liúまりました。」
    3. Japanese variant of 让譲ràngold variant of 步歩bùをto show示shìした(bound form) up上shàngで計画jì huàをto keep維持wéi chíするto receive接jiē続詞xù cíのペアはどれですか?
    4. フェスティバル計画jì huàのto introduce into導入dǎo rùにto use / with用yòngいられる3つのessential factor要素yào sùはwhat何héですか?

    (straight正zhèngacrobatic display (esp. on…解jiě: 1. or / still还是hái shì。 2. because因为yīn wèito rain下雨xià yǔ,so / therefore所以suǒ yǐwe / us我们wǒ men待在家里dài zài jiā lǐ。 3. although虽然suī rán……but但是dàn shì…. 4. 日付rì fù、person人物rén wù、そして) to exercise活動huó dòngです。)

  • 7

    书写 · Build characters and use pinyin in a sentence

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    Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

    Complete a message with the right character

    Use the sentence meaning and pronunciation to choose a character.

    Build the meaning

    Characters with similar sounds can have different meanings: at / in在zài zài locates something; again / then再zài zài can mean again or then.

    To complete a message, check the whole sentence, the pinyin cue, and the role of the missing word. Guessing from sound alone is not enough.

    Useful words in context

    • at / in在zài zài — at / in. I / me我wǒat / in在zàischool学校xué xiào。
    • again / then再zài zài — again / then. to ask请qǐngto say again再说zài shuōone time (all the way…一遍yī biàn。
    • to appear见jiàn jiàn — see. tomorrow明天míng tiānto appear见jiàn。
    • here这里zhè lǐ zhèlǐ — here. I / me我wǒat / in在zàihere这里zhè lǐ。
    • letter字zì zì — character. this这个zhè geletter字zìhow / why怎么zěn meto read out读dú?

    Read for meaning

    林安写lín ān xiě:“I / me我wǒat / in在zàischool学校xué xiào。to ask请qǐngtomorrow明天míng tiānagain / then再zàito come来lái。tomorrow明天míng tiānafternoon下午xià wǔ三点sān diǎnto appear见jiàn。”she / her她tāinspection检查jiǎn chá(completed / change)了le(concept of) time时间shí jiānand / with和héplace地点dì diǎn,then / after然后rán hòuto issue (an order, decree…发出fā chūnews消息xiāo xī。

    Lin An writes that she is at school and asks the reader to come again tomorrow, meeting at three in the afternoon. She checks the time and place before sending.

    Listen to a different passage

    Ask a partner to read this with the script closed. Use the online practice for browser playback.

    I / me我wǒat / in在zàilibrary图书馆tú shū guǎn。tomorrow明天míng tiānafternoon下午xià wǔ四点sì diǎnto appear见jiàn。

    I am at the library. See you tomorrow at four in the afternoon.

    Speak and write

    Ask a partner how to read at / in在zài, then say a sentence with it. Explain in English how again / then再zài differs.

    Write a two-line message giving your location and tomorrow’s meeting time. Check at / in在zài and again / then再zài carefully.

    One speaking model: A: this这个zhè geletter字zìhow / why怎么zěn meto read out读dú? B: zài。 A: I / me我wǒat / in在zàischool学校xué xiào。

    One writing model: I / me我wǒat / in在zàischool学校xué xiào。tomorrow明天míng tiānafternoon下午xià wǔ四点sì diǎnto appear见jiàn。

    • Use at / in在zài for the current location.
    • Give tomorrow’s time.
    • Check the characters, not only pinyin.

    Check the distinction: A correct pinyin sound does not guarantee the correct character. This authored practice is separate from the official sample with quarantined writing-key numbering.

    Learn step by step · Practise and review.

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